- Consonants 辅音
- /f/
- f, ff (regular)
- fat, left;
- stiff, offer, affair
- ph (regular)
- gh
- laugh, cough, rough, tough, enough
- /v/
- v (regular)
- f, ph (in a few words)
- /θ/
- th
- thief, thought, method, thick
- ths [θs] (短元音或辅音后)
- /ð/
- th (通常在代词、连词、介词及冠词中出现)
- they, their, the, that, than, though, with
- -the
- -ths [ðz] (长元音或双元音后)
- 但是[θs] 如果有字母 r
- /s/
- s, ss (usual)
- c (before e, i, y)
- piece, concert, city, pencil, cycle, bicycle
- sc (before i, e)
- x [ks]
- box, fix, exercise, exhibition
- /z/
- s (两个元音之间)
- s (在元音与不发音的 e 之间)
- z, zz
- x [gz] 在重读元音前
- exact, example, examine, exhaust
- /ʃ/
- sh (regular)
- -tia-, -tie-, -tio-
- partial, initial, patient, nation
- -cia-, -cie-, -cio-
- social, sufficient, conscious
- -sion [ʃən] (非重读在辅音字母之后)
- pension, discussion, omission
- s or ss (before u)
- /ʒ/
- -sure or –zure [ʒə] 非重读音节
- leisure, treasure, seizure
- -sion [ʒən] 非重读元音字母后
- decision, confusion, occasion
- -ge 法语外来词中
- /h/
- h (regular)
- wh- (before o)
- /p/
- /b/
- b (regular)
- 在字母 t 之前不发音
- 在单词结尾并在字母 m 之后不发音
- /t/
- t, tt (regular)
- -ed
- 字母 t 在“stle”“sten”中不发音
- castle, whistle, listen, fasten
- /d/
- d, dd (regular)
- -ed
- tired, played, cleaned, robbed
- /k/
- c, cc (except before e, i or y)
- k, ck (regular)
- ch (before r or after s)
- Christmas, school, scheme
- qu, -que
- qu [kw]
- /g/
- g, gg
- gu, -gue
- guide, guard, dialogue, league
- -gu- [gw] (in the middle of words)
- language, distinguish, linguistics
- gh
- /tʃ/
- ch, tch (usual)
- church, chair, match, watch
- t+ure, t+eous
- nature, picture, righteous
- t+ion (after s)
- / dʒ/
- j (regular)
- g (usual, before i, e and y)
- gentle, age, giant, gymnastic
- dg(e)
- /tr/
- /dr/
- /ts/
- -ts, -tes
- lets, fists, bites, classmates
- /dz/
- -ds, -des
- beds, spades, spends, divedes
- /m/
- m, mm (regular)
- -mn (n is silent when final after m)
- -mb (b is silent when final after m)
- /n/
- n, nn (regular)
- kn (k is silent when initial before n)
- gn
- /ŋ/
- -ng
- n (before [k] or [g] )
- /l/
- l, ll (regular)
- 字母 l 在很多单词里不发音
- talk, walk, half, would, should, folk
- /r/
- r (仅在元音前)
- rh- (h is silent)
- rhyme, rhythm, rhythmical
- wr- (w is silent)
- Semi-Vowels 半元音
- /j/
- y
- i, e (before [ə] )
- [ju:] is frequently spelt with u, ue, ui, ew, eu and eau
- unit, due, suit, few, feudal, beauty
- /w/
- w (regular)
- wh (before vowel letters except o)
- qu [kw]
- -gu- [gw]
- 字母 w 在一些单词中不发音
- write, two, answer, sword
- Vowels 元音
- /i:/
- ee
- tree, cheese, green, sweet
- ea
- e (in stressed open syllable)
- ie (before a consonant)
- ei, ey
- /i/
- i, y
- sit, stick, begin, symbol, city
- e
- pretty needed, except, careless, houses
- ai, ay, ey
- mountain, portrait, valley, money
- a (in unstressed syllables)
- /e/
- e (in stressed closed syllables)
- ea
- a
- /æ /
- a (in stressed closed syllables)
- ai
- /ɑː/
- a before lf, lv, lm
- a before ff, ft, nc, ns, nt, sk, sp, ss, st and th
- staff, after, dance, answer, cant, ask, grasp, grass,last, father
- ar
- ear
- au
- /ɔ/
- o
- often, lost, cost, cloth, cross, off
- a after w
- swamp, want, wander, watch (but before [g, k, ŋ] ais [æ ], wag, wax)
- au
- because, cauliflower, sausage
- ou, ow
- /ɔː/
- al (before a consonant)
- au, aw
- ough, augh
- bought, fought, taught, daughter
- or, ore (when final)
- corn, horse, more, shore, before
- /u/
- u
- oo
- before [k] → book, took, look, cook, *
- in single words → foot, good, hood, stood, wood
- oul
- o (sometimes)
- /u:/
- oo
- cool, food, goose, loose, tooth
- u
- o
- ou
- ew, ue, ui, oe
- chew, true, blue, juice, shoe
- u in the ending –ude, -ute
- /ʌ/
- u
- o (before m, n, v, th)
- front, wonder, company, love, glove, nothing, among
- ou
- touch, young, couple, courage, southern
- oo (sometimes)
- /ɜː/
- er, ir and ur (when final orbefore a consonant)
- birth, girl, serve, term, nurse, turn, stir, prefer, occur
- ear (before a consonant)
- earth, heard, learn, earnest
- w + or (before a consonant)
- work, world, worst, worship
- our (a few words)
- /ə/
- a, ar
- about, China, forward, collar
- e, er
- i
- o, or, oar, ou, -our
- method, Europe, effort, doctor, famous, cupboard, colour
- u, -ure
- column, support, figure, nature
- -re
- /eɪ/
- a
- ai, ay
- ea, ey, eigh
- great, break, they, grey, eight, neighbor
- /aɪ/
- i, y
- time, write, child, wild, kind, behind, cry, try. type
- igh
- ie, ye
- die, tie, lie, dye, goodbye
- ei
- /ɔɪ/
- oi, oy
- boy, toy, noise, voice, boil, point
- /əʊ/
- o
- o before the endings -ll, -ld,-lt, -lk and -st
- roll, stroll, old, cold, colt, folk, most, host (but lost, cost and frosthave [ɔ])
- oa, oe
- road, toast, soap, coat, hoe, toe (but shoe, canoe have [u:])
- ou, ow (esp. before l orfinally)
- bowl, soul, mould, shoulder, grow, slow, crow, show
- /aʊ/
- ou, ow
- loud, house, fountain, town
- /ɪə/
- eer, ear, ere
- deer, peer, volunteer, dear, tear, here, mere, severe
- ier
- /eə/
- are
- care, dare, square, declare
- air
- ear
- ere
- there, where (but final -ere is normally [ɪə] here, severe)
- / ʊə/
- oor
- ure
- ur (before a vowel)
- curious, insurance, durable, rural
- our (French origin)
