下面是我参考的文档,后面我直接上代码实现。
现在大型的电子商务系统,在数据库层面大都采用读写分离技术,就是一个Master数据库,多个Slave数据库。Master库负责数据更新和实时数据查询,Slave库当然负责非实时数据查询。因为在实际的应用中,数据库都是读多写少(读取数据的频率高,更新数据的频率相对较少),而读取数据通常耗时比较长,占用数据库服务器的CPU较多,从而影响用户体验。我们通常的做法就是把查询从主库中抽取出来,采用多个从库,使用负载均衡,减轻每个从库的查询压力。
采用读写分离技术的目标:有效减轻Master库的压力,又可以把用户查询数据的请求分发到不同的Slave库,从而保证系统的健壮性。我们看下采用读写分离的背景。
随着网站的业务不断扩展,数据不断增加,用户越来越多,数据库的压力也就越来越大,采用传统的方式,比如:数据库或者SQL的优化基本已达不到要求,这个时候可以采用读写分离的策 略来改变现状。
具体到开发中,如何方便的实现读写分离呢?目前常用的有两种方式:
1 第一种方式是我们最常用的方式,就是定义2个数据库连接,一个是MasterDataSource,另一个是SlaveDataSource。更新数据时我们读取MasterDataSource,查询数据时我们读取SlaveDataSource。这种方式很简单,我就不赘述了。
2 第二种方式动态数据源切换,就是在程序运行时,把数据源动态织入到程序中,从而选择读取主库还是从库。主要使用的技术是:annotation,Spring AOP ,反射。下面会详细的介绍实现方式。
在介绍实现方式之前,我们先准备一些必要的知识,spring 的AbstractRoutingDataSource 类
AbstractRoutingDataSource这个类 是spring2.0以后增加的,我们先来看下AbstractRoutingDataSource的定义:
public abstract class AbstractRoutingDataSource extends AbstractDataSource implements InitializingBean {}
AbstractRoutingDataSource继承了AbstractDataSource ,而AbstractDataSource 又是DataSource 的子类。DataSource 是javax.sql 的数据源接口,定义如下:
public interface DataSource extends CommonDataSource,Wrapper {
/**
* <p>Attempts to establish a connection with the data source that
* this <code>DataSource</code> object represents.
*
* @return a connection to the data source
* @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
*/
Connection getConnection() throws SQLException;
/**
* <p>Attempts to establish a connection with the data source that
* this <code>DataSource</code> object represents.
*
* @param username the database user on whose behalf the connection is
* being made
* @param password the user's password
* @return a connection to the data source
* @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
* @since 1.4
*/
Connection getConnection(String username, String password)
throws SQLException;
}
DataSource 接口定义了2个方法,都是获取数据库连接。我们在看下AbstractRoutingDataSource 如何实现了DataSource接口:
public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
return determineTargetDataSource().getConnection();
}
public Connection getConnection(String username, String password) throws SQLException {
return determineTargetDataSource().getConnection(username, password);
}
很显然就是调用自己的determineTargetDataSource() 方法获取到connection。determineTargetDataSource方法定义如下:
protected DataSource determineTargetDataSource() {
Assert.notNull(this.resolvedDataSources, "DataSource router not initialized");
Object lookupKey = determineCurrentLookupKey();
DataSource dataSource = this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey);
if (dataSource == null && (this.lenientFallback || lookupKey == null)) {
dataSource = this.resolvedDefaultDataSource;
}
if (dataSource == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot determine target DataSource for lookup key [" + lookupKey + "]");
}
return dataSource;
}
我们最关心的还是下面2句话:
Object lookupKey = determineCurrentLookupKey();
DataSource dataSource = this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey);
determineCurrentLookupKey方法返回lookupKey,resolvedDataSources方法就是根据lookupKey从Map中获得数据源。resolvedDataSources 和determineCurrentLookupKey定义如下:
private Map<Object, DataSource> resolvedDataSources;
protected abstract Object determineCurrentLookupKey()
看到以上定义,我们是不是有点思路了,resolvedDataSources是Map类型,我们可以把MasterDataSource和SlaveDataSource存到Map中,如下:
key value
master MasterDataSource
slave SlaveDataSource
我们在写一个类DynamicDataSource 继承AbstractRoutingDataSource,实现其determineCurrentLookupKey() 方法,该方法返回Map的key,master或slave。
好了,说了这么多,有点烦了,下面我们看下怎么实现。
上面已经提到了我们要使用的技术,我们先看下annotation的定义:
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
public @interface DataSource {
String value();
}
我们还需要实现spring的抽象类AbstractRoutingDataSource,就是实现determineCurrentLookupKey方法:
public class DynamicDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource {
@Override
protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return DynamicDataSourceHolder.getDataSouce();
}
}
public class DynamicDataSourceHolder {
public static final ThreadLocal<String> holder = new ThreadLocal<String>();
public static void putDataSource(String name) {
holder.set(name);
}
public static String getDataSouce() {
return holder.get();
}
}
从DynamicDataSource 的定义看出,他返回的是DynamicDataSourceHolder.getDataSouce()值,我们需要在程序运行时调用DynamicDataSourceHolder.putDataSource()方法,对其赋值。下面是我们实现的核心部分,也就是AOP部分,DataSourceAspect定义如下:
public class DataSourceAspect {
public void before(JoinPoint point)
{
Object target = point.getTarget();
String method = point.getSignature().getName();
Class<?>[] classz = target.getClass().getInterfaces();
Class<?>[] parameterTypes = ((MethodSignature) point.getSignature())
.getMethod().getParameterTypes();
try {
Method m = classz[0].getMethod(method, parameterTypes);
if (m != null && m.isAnnotationPresent(DataSource.class)) {
DataSource data = m
.getAnnotation(DataSource.class);
DynamicDataSourceHolder.putDataSource(data.value());
System.out.println(data.value());
}
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO: handle exception
}
}
}
为了方便测试,我定义了2个数据库,shop模拟Master库,test模拟Slave库,shop和test的表结构一致,但数据不同,数据库配置如下:
<bean id="masterdataSource"
class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" />
<property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/shop" />
<property name="username" value="root" />
<property name="password" value="yangyanping0615" />
</bean>
<bean id="slavedataSource"
class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" />
<property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test" />
<property name="username" value="root" />
<property name="password" value="yangyanping0615" />
</bean>
<beans:bean id="dataSource" class="com.air.shop.common.db.DynamicDataSource">
<property name="targetDataSources">
<map key-type="java.lang.String">
<!-- write -->
<entry key="master" value-ref="masterdataSource"/>
<!-- read -->
<entry key="slave" value-ref="slavedataSource"/>
</map>
</property>
<property name="defaultTargetDataSource" ref="masterdataSource"/>
</beans:bean>
<bean id="transactionManager"
class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
</bean>
<!-- 配置SqlSessionFactoryBean -->
<bean id="sqlSessionFactory" class="org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
<property name="configLocation" value="classpath:config/mybatis-config.xml" />
</bean>
在spring的配置中增加aop配置
<!-- 配置数据库注解aop -->
<aop:aspectj-autoproxy></aop:aspectj-autoproxy>
<beans:bean id="manyDataSourceAspect" class="com.air.shop.proxy.DataSourceAspect" />
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect id="c" ref="manyDataSourceAspect">
<aop:pointcut id="tx" expression="execution(* com.air.shop.mapper.*.*(..))"/>
<aop:before pointcut-ref="tx" method="before"/>
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
<!-- 配置数据库注解aop -->
下面是MyBatis的UserMapper的定义,为了方便测试,登录读取的是Master库,用户列表读取Slave库:
public interface UserMapper {
@DataSource("master")
public void add(User user);
@DataSource("master")
public void update(User user);
@DataSource("master")
public void delete(int id);
@DataSource("slave")
public User loadbyid(int id);
@DataSource("master")
public User loadbyname(String name);
@DataSource("slave")
public List<User> list();
}
自己的aop切面代理类:
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
import org.aspectj.lang.JoinPoint;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.EnableAspectJAutoProxy;
/**
* 切换数据源(不同方法调用不同数据源)
*/
@Aspect
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = true)
public class DataSourceAspect {
private final Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger();
@Pointcut("execution(* com.innotek.dao..*.*(..))")
public void aspect() {
}
/**
* 配置前置通知,使用在方法aspect()上注册的切入点
*/
@Before("aspect()")
public void before(JoinPoint point) {
String className = point.getTarget().getClass().getName();
String method = point.getSignature().getName();
/*logger.info(className + "." + method + "(" + StringUtils.join(point.getArgs(), ",") + ")");*/
try {
L: for (String key : ChooseDataSource.METHODTYPE.keySet()) {
for (String type : ChooseDataSource.METHODTYPE.get(key)) {
if (method.startsWith(type)) {
HandleDataSource.putDataSource(key);
break L;
}
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error(e);
HandleDataSource.putDataSource("write");
}
}
}
datasource.xml文件配置如下:
<bean id="readDataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource"
destroy-method="close" init-method="init" lazy-init="true">
<description>只读数据库连接</description>
<property name="driverClassName" value="${driver}" />
<property name="url" value="${reader.url}" />
<property name="username" value="${reader.username}" />
<property name="password" value="${reader.password}" />
<!-- 初始化连接大小 -->
<property name="initialSize" value="${initialSize}" />
<!-- 连接池最大数量 -->
<property name="maxActive" value="${maxActive}" />
<!-- 连接池最小空闲 -->
<property name="minIdle" value="${minIdle}" />
<!-- 获取连接最大等待时间 -->
<property name="maxWait" value="${maxWait}" />
<!-- -->
<property name="defaultReadOnly" value="true" />
<property name="proxyFilters">
<list>
<ref bean="stat-filter" />
</list>
</property>
<property name="filters" value="${druid.filters}" />
<property name="connectionProperties" value="password=${reader.password}" />
<property name="passwordCallback" ref="dbPasswordCallback" />
<property name="testWhileIdle" value="true" />
<property name="testOnBorrow" value="false" />
<property name="testOnReturn" value="false" />
<property name="validationQuery" value="SELECT 'x' from dual" />
<property name="timeBetweenLogStatsMillis" value="60000" />
<!-- 配置一个连接在池中最小生存的时间,单位是毫秒 -->
<property name="minEvictableIdleTimeMillis" value="${minEvictableIdleTimeMillis}" />
<!-- 配置间隔多久才进行一次检测,检测需要关闭的空闲连接,单位是毫秒 -->
<property name="timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis" value="${timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis}" />
</bean>
<bean id="writeDataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource"
destroy-method="close" init-method="init" lazy-init="true">
<description>只写数据库连接</description>
<property name="driverClassName" value="${driver}" />
<property name="url" value="${writer.url}" />
<property name="username" value="${writer.username}" />
<property name="password" value="${writer.password}" />
<property name="initialSize" value="${initialSize}" />
<property name="maxActive" value="${maxActive}" />
<property name="minIdle" value="${minIdle}" />
<property name="maxWait" value="${maxWait}" />
<property name="proxyFilters">
<list>
<ref bean="stat-filter" />
</list>
</property>
<property name="filters" value="${druid.filters}" />
<property name="connectionProperties" value="password=${writer.password}" />
<property name="passwordCallback" ref="dbPasswordCallback" />
<property name="testWhileIdle" value="true" />
<property name="testOnBorrow" value="false" />
<property name="testOnReturn" value="false" />
<property name="validationQuery" value="SELECT 'x' from dual" />
<property name="timeBetweenLogStatsMillis" value="60000" />
<property name="minEvictableIdleTimeMillis" value="${minEvictableIdleTimeMillis}" />
<property name="timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis" value="${timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis}" />
</bean>
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.innotek.core.aspect.ChooseDataSource" lazy-init="true">
<description>数据源</description>
<property name="targetDataSources">
<map key-type="java.lang.String" value-type="javax.sql.DataSource">
<!-- write -->
<entry key="write" value-ref="writeDataSource" />
<!-- read -->
<entry key="read" value-ref="readDataSource" />
</map>
</property>
<property name="defaultTargetDataSource" ref="writeDataSource" />
<property name="methodType">
<map key-type="java.lang.String">
<!-- read -->
<entry key="read" value=",get,select,count,list,query," />
<!-- write -->
<entry key="write" value=",add,insert,create,update,delete,remove," />
</map>
</property>
</bean>
<bean class="*.DataSourceAspect" />
<bean id="sqlSessionFactory" class="org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean">
<description>spring和MyBatis完美整合,不需要mybatis的配置映射文件</description>
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
<property name="configLocation" value="classpath:mybatis-config.xml" />
<!-- 自动扫描mapping.xml文件 -->
<property name="mapperLocations" value="classpath:mappers/**/*.xml" />
</bean>
<bean class="org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperScannerConfigurer">
<description>DAO接口所在包名,Spring会自动查找其下的类</description>
<property name="basePackage" value="com.innotek.dao.*" />
<property name="sqlSessionFactoryBeanName" value="sqlSessionFactory" />
</bean>
<!-- 事务 -->
<bean id="transactionManager"
class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
</bean>
<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
public class ChooseDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource {
public static Map<String, List<String>> METHODTYPE = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
// 获取数据源名称
protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {
return HandleDataSource.getDataSource();
}
// 设置方法名前缀对应的数据源
public void setMethodType(Map<String, String> map) {
for (String key : map.keySet()) {
List<String> v = new ArrayList<String>();
String[] types = map.get(key).split(",");
for (String type : types) {
if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(type)) {
v.add(type);
}
}
METHODTYPE.put(key, v);
}
}
}
public class HandleDataSource {
// 数据源名称线程池
private static final ThreadLocal<String> holder = new ThreadLocal<String>();
public static void putDataSource(String datasource) {
holder.set(datasource);
}
public static String getDataSource() {
return holder.get();
}
}
initialSize=20
maxActive=40
maxIdle=20
minIdle=1
maxWait=60000
timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis=3000
minEvictableIdleTimeMillis=300000
maxPoolPreparedStatementPerConnectionSize=20