大纲
- 開始吧
- 创建 Classes
- 具体说明...
- 继承、多型(Inheritance, Polymorphism)以及其它面向对象功能
- 内存管理
-
Foundation
Framework Classes - 长处与缺点
- 很多其它信息
-
開始吧
-
下载这篇教学
- 全部这篇刚開始学习的人指南的原始码都能够由
objc.tar.gz
下载。这篇教学中的很多范例都是由 Steve Kochan 在 Programming
in Objective-C.
一书中撰写。假设你想得到很多其它具体信息及范例,请直接參考该书。这个站点上登载的全部范例皆经过他的同意,所以请勿复制转载。
- 全部这篇刚開始学习的人指南的原始码都能够由
-
设定环境
- Linux/FreeBSD: 安装
GNUStep- 为了编译 GNUstep 应用程序,必须先运行位于
/usr/GNUstep/System/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh 的 GNUstep.sh
这个档案。这个路径取决于你的系统环境,有些是在 /usr, some
/usr/lib,有些是 /usr/local。假设你的
shell 是以 csh/tcsh 为基础的
shell,则应该改用 GNUStep.csh。建议把这个指令放在 .bashrc 或 .cshrc 中。
- 为了编译 GNUstep 应用程序,必须先运行位于
- Mac OS X: 安装
XCode - Windows NT 5.X: 安装
cygwin 或 mingw,然后安装 GNUStep
- Linux/FreeBSD: 安装
-
前言
- 这篇教学如果你已经有一些主要的 C 语言知识,包含 C
数据型别、什么是函式、什么是回传值、关于指针的知识以及主要的 C
语言内存管理。假设您没有这些背景知识,我很建议你读一读 K&R 的书:The
C Programming Language(译注:*出版书名为 C 程序语言第二版)这是 C 语言的设计者所写的书。 - Objective-C,是 C 的衍生语言,继承了全部 C
语言的特性。是有一些例外,可是它们不是继承于 C 的语言特性本身。 - nil:在 C/C++ 你也许曾使用过 NULL,而在 Objective-C 中则是
nil。不同之处是你能够传递讯息给 nil(比如 [nil
message];),这是全然合法的,然而你却不能对 NULL 如法炮制。 - BOOL:C 没有正式的布尔型别,而在 Objective-C
中也不是「真的」有。它是包括在 Foundation classes(基本类别库)中(即 import NSObject.h;nil
也是包含在这个头文件内)。BOOL 在 Objective-C
中有两种型态:YES 或 NO,而不是 TRUE 或 FALSE。 - #import vs #include:就如同你在 hello world 范例中看到的,我们使用了
#import。#import 由 gcc
编译程序支援。我并不建议使用 #include,#import
基本上跟 .h 档头尾的 #ifndef #define
#endif 同样。很多程序猿们都允许,使用这些东西这是十分愚蠢的。不管怎样,使用 #import
就对了。这样不但能够避免麻烦,并且万一有一天 gcc 把它拿掉了,将会有足够的 Objective-C 程序猿能够坚持保留它或是将它放回来。偷偷告诉你,Apple
在它们官方的程序代码中也使用了 #import。所以万一有一天这样的事真的发生,不难预料 Apple 将会提供一个支持 #import 的 gcc 分支版本号。 - 在 Objective-C 中, method 及 message 这两个字是能够互换的。只是 messages
拥有特别的特性,一个 message 能够动态的转送给还有一个对象。在 Objective-C
中,呼叫对象上的一个讯息并不一定表示对象真的会实作这个讯息,而是对象知道怎样以某种方式去实作它,或是转送给知道怎样实作的对象。
- 这篇教学如果你已经有一些主要的 C 语言知识,包含 C
-
编译 hello world
- hello.m
-
下载这篇教学
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ printf( "hello world/n"
);
§ return
0;
}
- 输出
hello world
- 在 Objective-C 中使用 #import 取代 #include
- Objective-C 的预设扩展名是 .m
-
创建 classes
-
@interface
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing
一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Fraction.h
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing
-
@interface
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int
numerator;
§ int
denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
§ @end
- NSObject:NeXTStep Object 的缩写。由于它已经改名为
OpenStep,所以这在今天已经不是那么有意义了。 - 继承(inheritance)以 Class: Parent
表示,就像上面的 Fraction: NSObject。 - 夹在
@interface Class: Parent { .... } 中的称为
instance variables。 - 没有设定訪问权限(protected, public, private)时,预设的訪问权限为
protected。设定权限的方式将在稍后说明。 - Instance methods 跟在成员变数(即 instance variables)后。格式为:scope (returnType)
methodName: (parameter1Type) parameter1Name;- scope 有class 或 instance 两种。instance methods 以 - 开头,class level methods 以 + 开头。
- Interface 以一个 @end 作为结束。
- NSObject:NeXTStep Object 的缩写。由于它已经改名为
-
@implementation
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing
一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Fraction.m
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i",
numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator =
n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator =
d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return
denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return
numerator;
§ }
@end
- Implementation 以 @implementation ClassName 開始,以 @end
结束。 - Implement 定义好的 methods 的方式,跟在 interface
中宣告时非常近似。
- Implementation 以 @implementation ClassName 開始,以 @end
-
把它们凑在一起
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing
一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - main.m
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new
instance
§ Fraction *frac =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the
values
§ [frac setNumerator:
1];
§ [frac setDenominator:
3];
§
§ // print
it
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [frac
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
The fraction is: 1/3
- Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
- 这行程序代码中有非常多重要的东西。
- 在 Objective-C 中呼叫 methods 的方法是 [object method],就像 C++ 的 object->method()。
- Objective-C 没有 value 型别。所以没有像 C++ 的
Fraction frac; frac.print(); 这类的东西。在 Objective-C
中全然使用指针来处理对象。 - 这行程序代码实际上做了两件事: [Fraction alloc] 呼叫了 Fraction class
的 alloc method。这就像 malloc
内存,这个动作也做了一样的事情。 - [object init] 是一个建构子(constructor)呼叫,负责初始化对象中的全部变量。它呼叫了 [Fraction
alloc] 传回的 instance 上的 init
method。这个动作很普遍,所以通常以一行程序完毕:Object *var = [[Object
alloc] init];
- [frac setNumerator: 1] 很easy。它呼叫了 frac 上的 setNumerator method 并传入 1 为參数。
- 如同每一个 C 的变体,Objective-C 也有一个用以释放内存的方式: release。它继承自 NSObject,这个 method 在之后会有详尽的讲解。
- Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
-
具体说明...
-
多重參数
- 眼下为止我还没展示怎样传递多个參数。这个语法乍看之下不是非常直觉,只是它却是来自一个十分受欢迎的 Smalltalk 版本号。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Fraction.h
-
多重參数
§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int)
d;
...
- Fraction.m
§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d
{
§ numerator =
n;
§ denominator =
d;
§ }
...
- main.m
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new
instance
§ Fraction *frac =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the
values
§ [frac setNumerator:
1];
§ [frac setDenominator:
3];
§
§ // combined
set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1
andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print
it
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [frac
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // print
it
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: "
);
§ [frac2
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac
release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ The fraction is: 1/3
Fraction 2 is: 1/5
- 这个 method 实际上叫做
setNumerator:andDenominator: - 增加其它參数的方法就跟增加第二个时一样,即 method:label1:label2:label3: ,而呼叫的方法是 [obj
method: param1 label1: param2 label2: param3 label3:
param4] - Labels 是非必要的,所以能够有一个像这种 method:method:::,简单的省略 label 名称,但以 : 区隔參数。并不建议这样使用。
- 这个 method 实际上叫做
-
建构子(Constructors)
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Fraction.h
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int)
d;
...
- Fraction.m
§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d
{
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setNumerator: n
andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
...
- main.m
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new
instance
§ Fraction *frac =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac3 =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // set the
values
§ [frac setNumerator:
1];
§ [frac setDenominator:
3];
§
§ // combined
set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1
andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print
it
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [frac
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: "
);
§ [frac2
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ printf( "Fraction 3 is: "
);
§ [frac3
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac
release];
§ [frac2
release];
§ [frac3
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ The fraction is: 1/3
§ Fraction 2 is: 1/5
Fraction 3 is: 3/10
- @interface 里的宣告就如同正常的函式。
- @implementation 使用了一个新的关键词:super
- 如同 Java,Objective-C 仅仅有一个 parent class(父类别)。
- 使用 [super init] 来存取 Super
constructor,这个动作须要适当的继承设计。 - 你将这个动作回传的 instance 指派给还有一新个关键词:self。Self 非常像 C++ 与 Java
的 this 指标。
- if ( self ) 跟 ( self != nil ) 一样,是为了确定 super constructor
成功传回了一个新对象。nil 是 Objective-C
用来表达 C/C++ 中 NULL
的方式,能够引入 NSObject 来取得。 - 当你初始化变量以后,你用传回 self 的方式来传回自己的地址。
- 预设的建构子是 -(id) init。
- 技术上来说,Objective-C 中的建构子就是一个 "init"
method,而不像 C++ 与 Java
有特殊的结构。
-
訪问权限
- 预设的权限是 @protected
- Java 实作的方式是在 methods 与变量前面加上 public/private/protected
修饰语,而 Objective-C 的作法则更像 C++
对于 instance variable(译注:C++
术语一般称为 data members)的方式。 - Access.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Access: NSObject {
§ @public
§ int
publicVar;
§ @private
§ int
privateVar;
§ int
privateVar2;
§ @protected
§ int
protectedVar;
§ }
@end
- Access.m
§ #import "Access.h"
§
§ @implementation Access
@end
- main.m
§ #import "Access.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Access *a = [[Access
alloc] init];
§
§ //
works
§ a->publicVar =
5;
§ printf( "public var:
%i/n", a->publicVar );
§
§ // doesn't
compile
§ //a->privateVar =
10;
§ //printf( "private var:
%i/n", a->privateVar );
§
§ [a
release];
§ return
0;
}
- output
public var: 5
- 如同你所示,就像 C++ 中 private: [list of vars] public: [list
of vars] 的格式,它仅仅是改成了@private, @protected, 等等。
- 如同你所示,就像 C++ 中 private: [list of vars] public: [list
-
Class level access
- 当你想计算一个对象被 instance 几次时,通常有 class level variables
以及 class level functions 是件方便的事。 - ClassA.h
- 当你想计算一个对象被 instance 几次时,通常有 class level variables
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ static int count;
§
§ @interface ClassA: NSObject
§ +(int) initCount;
§ +(void) initialize;
@end
- ClassA.m
§ #import "ClassA.h"
§
§ @implementation ClassA
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super
init];
§ count++;
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ +(int) initCount {
§ return
count;
§ }
§
§ +(void) initialize {
§ count =
0;
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import "ClassA.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ ClassA *c1 = [[ClassA
alloc] init];
§ ClassA *c2 = [[ClassA
alloc] init];
§
§ // print
count
§ printf( "ClassA count:
%i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ ClassA *c3 = [[ClassA
alloc] init];
§
§ // print count
again
§ printf( "ClassA count:
%i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ [c1
release];
§ [c2
release];
§ [c3
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ ClassA count: 2
ClassA count: 3
- static int count = 0; 这是 class variable 宣告的方式。事实上这样的变量摆在这里并不理想,比較好的解法是像
Java 实作 static class variables 的方法。然而,它确实能用。 - +(int) initCount; 这是回传 count 值的实际 method。请注意这细微的区别!这里在 type 前面不用减号 - 而改用加号
+。加号 + 表示这是一个 class level
function。(译注:很多文件里,class level functions 被称为 class functions 或 class method) - 存取这个变数跟存取一般成员变数没有两样,就像 ClassA 中的 count++ 使用方法。
- +(void) initialize method is 在 Objective-C 開始运行你的程序时被呼叫,并且它也被每一个 class
呼叫。这是初始化像我们的 count 这类 class
level variables 的好地方。
- static int count = 0; 这是 class variable 宣告的方式。事实上这样的变量摆在这里并不理想,比較好的解法是像
-
异常情况(Exceptions)
- 注意:异常处理仅仅有 Mac OS X 10.3 以上才支持。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - CupWarningException.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupWarningException: NSException
@end
- CupWarningException.m
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupWarningException
@end
- CupOverflowException.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupOverflowException: NSException
@end
- CupOverflowException.m
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupOverflowException
@end
- Cup.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Cup: NSObject {
§ int
level;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level;
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l;
§ -(void) fill;
§ -(void) empty;
§ -(void) print;
@end
- Cup.m
§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @implementation Cup
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setLevel:
0];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level {
§ return
level;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l {
§ level =
l;
§
§ if ( level > 100 )
{
§ // throw
overflow
§ NSException *e =
[CupOverflowException
§ exceptionWithName:
@"CupOverflowException"
§ reason: @"The
level is above 100"
§ userInfo:
nil];
§ @throw
e;
§ } else if ( level >= 50
) {
§ // throw
warning
§ NSException *e =
[CupWarningException
§ exceptionWithName:
@"CupWarningException"
§ reason: @"The
level is above or at 50"
§ userInfo:
nil];
§ @throw
e;
§ } else if ( level < 0 )
{
§ // throw
exception
§ NSException *e =
[NSException
§ exceptionWithName:
@"CupUnderflowException"
§ reason: @"The
level is below 0"
§ userInfo:
nil];
§ @throw
e;
§ }
§ }
§
§ -(void) fill {
§ [self setLevel: level +
10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) empty {
§ [self setLevel: level -
10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "Cup level is:
%i/n", level );
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool =
[[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Cup *cup = [[Cup alloc]
init];
§ int
i;
§
§ // this will work
§ for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++
) {
§ [cup
fill];
§ [cup
print];
§ }
§
§ // this will throw
exceptions
§ for ( i = 0; i < 7; i++
) {
§ @try
{
§ [cup
fill];
§ } @catch (
CupWarningException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString]
);
§ } @catch (
CupOverflowException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ",
[[e name] cString] );
§ } @finally
{
§ [cup
print];
§ }
§ }
§
§ // throw a generic
exception
§ @try
{
§ [cup setLevel: -1];
§ } @catch ( NSException *e
) {
§ printf( "%s: %s/n",
[[e name] cString], [[e reason] cString] );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [cup
release];
§ [pool
release];
}
- output
§ Cup level is: 10
§ Cup level is: 20
§ Cup level is: 30
§ Cup level is: 40
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 50
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 60
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 70
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 80
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 90
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 100
§ CupOverflowException: Cup level is: 110
CupUnderflowException: The level is below 0
- NSAutoreleasePool 是一个内存管理类别。如今先别管它是干嘛的。
- Exceptions(异常情况)的丢出不须要扩充(extend)NSException 对象,你可简单的用 id 来代表它: @catch ( id e ) { ...
} - 另一个 finally 区块,它的行为就像 Java 的异常处理方式,finally 区块的内容保证会被呼叫。
- Cup.m 里的 @"CupOverflowException" 是一个 NSString
常数物件。在 Objective-C 中,@
符号通经常使用来代表这是语言的衍生部分。C 语言形式的字符串(C
string)就像 C/C++ 一样是 "String
constant" 的形式,型别为 char *。
-
继承、多型(Inheritance, Polymorphism)以及其它面向对象功能
-
id 型别
- Objective-C 有种叫做 id 的型别,它的运作有时候像是
void*,只是它却严格规定仅仅能用在对象。Objective-C 与 Java 跟 C++ 不一样,你在呼叫一个对象的 method 时,并不须要知道这个对象的型别。当然这个 method
一定要存在,这称为 Objective-C 的讯息传递。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Fraction.h
- Objective-C 有种叫做 id 的型别,它的运作有时候像是
-
id 型别
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int
numerator;
§ int
denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int)
d;
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int)
d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end
- Fraction.m
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d
{
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setNumerator: n
andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i / %i",
numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator =
n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator =
d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d
{
§ numerator =
n;
§ denominator =
d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return
denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return
numerator;
§ }
@end
- Complex.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject {
§ double
real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double)
i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double)
i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
§ -(void) print;
§
@end
- Complex.m
§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i
{
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setReal: r
andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real =
r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary =
i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i
{
§ real =
r;
§ imaginary =
i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return
real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi",
real, imaginary );
§ }
§
@end
- main.m
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new
instance
§ Fraction *frac =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex
alloc] initWithReal: 10 andImaginary: 15];
§ id
number;
§
§ // print
fraction
§ number =
frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [number
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // print
complex
§ number =
comp;
§ printf( "The complex
number is: " );
§ [number
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac
release];
§ [comp
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ The fraction is: 1 / 10
The complex number is: 10.000000 + 15.000000i
- 这样的动态链接有显而易见的优点。你不须要知道你呼叫 method 的那个东西是什么型别,假设这个对象对这个讯息有反应,那就会唤起这个
method。这也不会牵涉到一堆繁琐的转型动作,比方在 Java 里呼叫一个整数对象的 .intValue() 就得先转型,然后才干呼叫这个
method。
- 这样的动态链接有显而易见的优点。你不须要知道你呼叫 method 的那个东西是什么型别,假设这个对象对这个讯息有反应,那就会唤起这个
-
继承(Inheritance)
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Rectangle.h
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Rectangle: NSObject {
§ int
width;
§ int
height;
§ }
§
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int)
h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w;
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(int) width;
§ -(int) height;
§ -(void) print;
@end
- Rectangle.m
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Rectangle
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h
{
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setWidth: w height:
h];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ width =
w;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ height =
h;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ width =
w;
§ height =
h;
§ }
§
§ -(int) width {
§ return
width;
§ }
§
§ -(int) height {
§ return height;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "width = %i,
height = %i", width, height );
§ }
@end
- Square.h
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§
§ @interface Square: Rectangle
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s;
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s;
§ -(int) size;
@end
- Square.m
§ #import "Square.h"
§
§ @implementation Square
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s {
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setSize:
s];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s {
§ width =
s;
§ height =
s;
§ }
§
§ -(int) size {
§ return
width;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ [self setSize:
w];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ [self setSize:
h];
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec =
[[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square
alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // print
em
§ printf( "Rectangle: "
);
§ [rec
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ printf( "Square: "
);
§ [sq
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // update
square
§ [sq setWidth:
20];
§ printf( "Square after
change: " );
§ [sq
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [rec
release];
§ [sq
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ Rectangle: width = 10, height = 20
§ Square: width = 15, height = 15
Square after change: width = 20, height = 20
- 继承在 Objective-C 里比較像 Java。当你扩充你的 super class(所以仅仅能有一个
parent),你想自己定义这个 super class 的
method,仅仅要简单的在你的 child class implementation
里放上新的实作内容就可以。而不须要 C++ 里呆呆的
virtual table。 - 这里另一个值得玩味的地方,假设你企图像这样去呼叫 rectangle 的 constructor: Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height:
15],会发生什么事?答案是会产生一个编译程序错误。由于 rectangle constructor
回传的型别是 Rectangle*,而不是
Square*,所以这行不通。在某种情况下假设你真想这样用,使用 id
型别会是非常好的选择。假设你想使用 parent 的
constructor,仅仅要把 Rectangle* 回传型别改成 id 就可以。
- 继承在 Objective-C 里比較像 Java。当你扩充你的 super class(所以仅仅能有一个
-
动态识别(Dynamic types)
- 这里有一些用于 Objective-C 动态识别的
methods(说明部分採中英并列,由于我认为英文比較传神,中文怎么译都怪):
- 这里有一些用于 Objective-C 动态识别的
-(BOOL) isKindOfClass: classObj |
is object a descendent or member of classObj |
-(BOOL) isMemberOfClass: classObj |
is object a member of classObj |
-(BOOL) respondsToSelector: selector |
does the object have a method named specifiec by the |
+(BOOL) instancesRespondToSelector: |
does an object created by this class have the ability to respond to |
-(id) performSelector: selector |
invoke the specified selector on the object |
- 全部继承自 NSObject 都有一个可回传一个 class 物件的 class method。这很近似于 Java 的 getClass() method。这个 class
对象被使用于前述的 methods 中。 - Selectors 在 Objective-C 用以表示讯息。下一个范例会秀出建立 selector
的语法。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - main.m
- 全部继承自 NSObject 都有一个可回传一个 class 物件的 class method。这很近似于 Java 的 getClass() method。这个 class
§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec =
[[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square
alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ //
isMemberOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass:
[Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a
member of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass:
[Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a
member of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass:
[NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a
member of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
isKindOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass:
[Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a
kind of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass:
[Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a
kind of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass:
[NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a
kind of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
respondsToSelector
§
§ //
true
§ if ( [sq
respondsToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square
responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
false
§ if ( [sq
respondsToSelector: @selector( nonExistant )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square
responds to nonExistant method/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
true
§ if ( [Square
respondsToSelector: @selector( alloc )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square class
responds to alloc method/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
instancesRespondToSelector
§
§ //
false
§ if ( [Rectangle
instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES )
{
§ printf( "rectangle
instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
true
§ if ( [Square
instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES )
{
§ printf( "square
instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free
memory
§ [rec
release];
§ [sq
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ square is a member of square class
§ square is a kind of square class
§ square is a kind of rectangle class
§ square is a kind of object class
§ square responds to setSize: method
§ square class responds to alloc method
square instance responds to setSize: method
-
Categories
- 当你想要为某个 class 新增 methods,你一般会扩充(extend,即继承)它。然而这不一定是个完美解法,特别是你想要重写一个 class
的某个功能,但你却没有原始码时。Categories 同意你在现有的 class 增加新功能,但不须要扩充它。Ruby
语言也有相似的功能。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - FractionMath.h
- 当你想要为某个 class 新增 methods,你一般会扩充(extend,即继承)它。然而这不一定是个完美解法,特别是你想要重写一个 class
-
Categories
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f;
@end
- FractionMath.m
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ @implementation Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc]
initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] +
§ denominator
* [f numerator]
§ denominator:
denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc]
initWithNumerator: numerator * [f numerator]
§ denominator:
denominator * [f denominator]];
§
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc]
initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator]
§ denominator:
denominator * [f numerator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc]
initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] -
§ denominator
* [f numerator]
§ denominator:
denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new
instance
§ Fraction *frac1 =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§ Fraction *frac2 =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [frac1
mul: frac2];
§
§ // print
it
§ [frac1
print];
§ printf( " * "
);
§ [frac2
print];
§ printf( " = "
);
§ [frac3
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac1
release];
§ [frac2
release];
§ [frac3
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
1/3 * 2/5 = 2/15
- 重点是 @implementation 跟 @interface
这两行:@interface Fraction (Math) 以及 @implementation Fraction (Math). - (同一个 class)仅仅能有一个同名的 category,其它的 categories 得加上不同的、独一无二的名字。
- Categories 在建立 private methods 时十分实用。由于 Objective-C
并没有像 Java 这样的
private/protected/public methods 的概念,所以必需要使用 categories
来达成这样的功能。作法是把 private method 从你的
class header (.h) 档案移到 implementation (.m)
档案。下面是此种作法一个简短的范例。 - MyClass.h
- 重点是 @implementation 跟 @interface
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface MyClass: NSObject
§ -(void) publicMethod;
@end
- MyClass.m
§ #import "MyClass.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation MyClass
§ -(void) publicMethod {
§ printf( "public method/n"
);
§ }
§ @end
§
§ // private methods
§ @interface MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod;
§ @end
§
§ @implementation MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod {
§ printf( "private method/n"
);
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import "MyClass.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ MyClass *obj = [[MyClass
alloc] init];
§
§ // this
compiles
§ [obj
publicMethod];
§
§ // this throws errors when
compiling
§ //[obj
privateMethod];
§
§ // free
memory
§ [obj
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
public method
-
Posing
- Posing 有点像 categories,可是不太一样。它同意你扩充一个
class,而且全面性地的扮演(pose)这个 super
class。比如:你有一个扩充 NSArray 的
NSArrayChild 物件。假设你让 NSArrayChild 扮演 NSArray,则在你的程序代码中全部的 NSArray
都会自己主动被替代为 NSArrayChild。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - FractionB.h
- Posing 有点像 categories,可是不太一样。它同意你扩充一个
-
Posing
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface FractionB: Fraction
§ -(void) print;
§ @end
- FractionB.m
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation FractionB
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "(%i/%i)",
numerator, denominator );
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print
it
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [frac
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // make FractionB pose as
Fraction
§ [FractionB poseAsClass:
[Fraction class]];
§
§ Fraction *frac2 =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print
it
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [frac2
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac
release];
§ [frac2
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ The fraction is: 3/10
The fraction is: (3/10)
- 这个程序的输出中,第一个 fraction 会输出 3/10,而第二个会输出 (3/10)。这是 FractionB 中实作的方式。
- poseAsClass 这个 method 是 NSObject 的一部份,它同意 subclass 扮演 superclass。
-
Protocols
- Objective-C 里的 Protocol 与 Java 的
interface 或是 C++ 的 purely
virtual class 同样。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Printing.h
- Objective-C 里的 Protocol 与 Java 的
§ @protocol Printing
§ -(void) print;
@end
- Fraction.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject <Printing, NSCopying>
{
§ int
numerator;
§ int
denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int)
d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int)
d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end
- Fraction.m
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d
{
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setNumerator: n
andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i",
numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator =
n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator =
d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d
{
§ numerator =
n;
§ denominator =
d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return
denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return
numerator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) copyWithZone: (NSZone*) zone {
§ return [[Fraction
allocWithZone: zone] initWithNumerator: numerator
§ denominator:
denominator];
§ }
@end
- Complex.h
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject <Printing> {
§ double
real;
§ double
imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double)
i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double)
i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
@end
- Complex.m
§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i
{
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setReal: r
andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real =
r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary =
i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i
{
§ real =
r;
§ imaginary =
i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return
real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return
imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi",
real, imaginary );
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new
instance
§ Fraction *frac =
[[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex
alloc] initWithReal: 5 andImaginary: 15];
§ id <Printing>
printable;
§ id <NSCopying,
Printing> copyPrintable;
§
§ // print
it
§ printable =
frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is:
" );
§ [printable
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // print
complex
§ printable =
comp;
§ printf( "The complex
number is: " );
§ [printable
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // this compiles because
Fraction comforms to both Printing and NSCopyable
§ copyPrintable =
frac;
§
§ // this doesn't compile
because Complex only conforms to Printing
§ //copyPrintable =
comp;
§
§ // test
conformance
§
§ //
true
§ if ( [frac
conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Fraction
conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ //
false
§ if ( [comp
conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Complex
conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free
memory
§ [frac
release];
§ [comp
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ The fraction is: 3/10
§ The complex number is: 5.000000 + 15.000000i
Fraction conforms to NSCopying
- protocol 的宣告十分简单,基本上就是 @protocol ProtocolName (methods you must implement)
@end。 - 要遵从(conform)某个 protocol,将要遵从的 protocols 放在 <>
里面,并以逗点分隔。如:@interface SomeClass <Protocol1,
Protocol2, Protocol3> - protocol 要求实作的 methods 不须要放在 header 档里面的 methods 列表中。如你所见,Complex.h 档案里没有 -(void) print 的宣告,却还是要实作它,由于它(Complex
class)遵从了这个 protocol。 - Objective-C 的接口系统有一个独一无二的观念是怎样指定一个型别。比起 C++ 或 Java 的指定方式,如:Printing *someVar = ( Printing * ) frac; 你能够使用 id 型别加上 protocol:id
<Printing> var = frac;。这让你能够动态地指定一个要求多个 protocol
的型别,却从头到尾仅仅用了一个变数。如:<Printing, NSCopying> var =
frac; - 就像使用@selector 来測试对象的继承关系,你能够使用 @protocol
来測试对象是否遵从接口。假设对象遵从这个接口,[object conformsToProtocol:
@protocol( SomeProtocol )] 会回传一个 YES 型态的 BOOL 对象。相同地,对 class 而言也能如法炮制 [SomeClass conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol
)]。
- protocol 的宣告十分简单,基本上就是 @protocol ProtocolName (methods you must implement)
-
内存管理
- 到眼下为止我都刻意避开 Objective-C 的内存管理议题。你能够呼叫对象上的
dealloc,可是若对象里包括其它对象的指针的话,要怎么办呢?要释放那些对象所占领的内存也是一个必须关注的问题。当你使用 Foundation framework 建立 classes
时,它怎样管理内存?这些稍后我们都会解释。- 注意:之前全部的范例都有正确的内存管理,以免你混淆。
-
Retain and Release(保留与释放)
- Retain 以及 release 是两个继承自 NSObject 的对象都会有的 methods。每一个对象都有一个内部计数器,能够用来追踪对象的 reference
个数。假设对象有 3 个 reference
时,不须要 dealloc 自己。可是假设计数器值到达 0
时,对象就得 dealloc 自己。[object
retain] 会将计数器值加 1(值从 1
開始),[object release] 则将计数器值减
1。假设呼叫 [object release] 导致计数器到达
0,就会自己主动 dealloc。 - Fraction.m
- Retain 以及 release 是两个继承自 NSObject 的对象都会有的 methods。每一个对象都有一个内部计数器,能够用来追踪对象的 reference
- 到眼下为止我都刻意避开 Objective-C 的内存管理议题。你能够呼叫对象上的
§ ...
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ printf( "Deallocing
fraction/n" );
§ [super
dealloc];
§ }
...
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - main.m
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac1 =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 =
[[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // print current
counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain
count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain
count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // increment
them
§ [frac1 retain]; //
2
§ [frac1 retain]; //
3
§ [frac2 retain]; //
2
§
§ // print current
counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain
count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain
count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // decrement
§ [frac1 release]; //
2
§ [frac2 release]; //
1
§
§ // print current
counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain
count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain
count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // release them until they
dealloc themselves
§ [frac1 release]; //
1
§ [frac1 release]; //
0
§ [frac2 release]; //
0
}
- output
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 3
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Deallocing fraction
Deallocing fraction
- Retain call 添加计数器值,而 release call 降低它。你能够呼叫 [obj retainCount]
来取得计数器的 int 值。 当当 retainCount
到达 0,两个对象都会 dealloc
自己,所以能够看到印出了两个 "Deallocing fraction"。
- Retain call 添加计数器值,而 release call 降低它。你能够呼叫 [obj retainCount]
-
Dealloc
- 当你的对象包括其它对象时,就得在 dealloc 自己时释放它们。Objective-C
的一个长处是你能够传递讯息给 nil,所以不须要经过一堆防错測试来释放一个对象。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - AddressCard.h
- 当你的对象包括其它对象时,就得在 dealloc 自己时释放它们。Objective-C
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @interface AddressCard: NSObject {
§ NSString *first;
§ NSString
*last;
§ NSString
*email;
§ }
§
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last:
(NSString*) l
§ email:
(NSString*) e;
§ -(NSString*) first;
§ -(NSString*) last;
§ -(NSString*) email;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f;
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*)
l
§ email: (NSString*)
e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*)
l;
§ -(void) print;
@end
- AddressCard.m
§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation AddressCard
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last:
(NSString*) l
§ email:
(NSString*) e {
§ self = [super
init];
§
§ if ( self )
{
§ [self setFirst: f
last: l email: e];
§ }
§
§ return
self;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) first {
§ return
first;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) last {
§ return
last;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) email {
§ return
email;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f {
§ [f
retain];
§ [first
release];
§ first =
f;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l {
§ [l
retain];
§ [last
release];
§ last =
l;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e {
§ [e
retain];
§ [email
release];
§ email =
e;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*)
l
§ email: (NSString*) e
{
§ [self setFirst:
f];
§ [self setLast:
l];
§ [self setEmail:
e];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l
{
§ [self setFirst:
f];
§ [self setLast:
l];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%s %s
<%s>", [first cString],
§ [last
cString],
§ [email cString]
);
§ }
§
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ [first
release];
§ [last
release];
§ [email
release];
§
§ [super
dealloc];
§ }
@end
- main.m
§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSString *first
=[[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Tom"];
§ NSString *last =
[[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Jones"];
§ NSString *email =
[[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "tom@jones.com"];
§ AddressCard *tom =
[[AddressCard alloc] initWithFirst: first
§ last:
last
§ email:
email];
§
§ // we're done with the
strings, so we must dealloc them
§ [first
release];
§ [last
release];
§ [email
release];
§
§ // print to show the
retain count
§ printf( "Retain count:
%i/n", [[tom first] retainCount] );
§ [tom
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [tom
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ Retain count: 1
Tom Jones <tom@jones.com>
- 如 AddressCard.m,这个范例不仅展示怎样撰写一个 dealloc
method,也展示了怎样 dealloc 成员变量。 - 每一个 set method 里的三个动作的顺序很重要。如果你把自己当參数传给一个自己的
method(有点怪,只是确实可能发生)。若你先 release,「然后」才 retain,你会把自己给解构(destruct,相对于建构)!这就是为什么应该要 1) retain 2)
release 3) 设值 的原因。 - 通常我们不会用 C 形式字符串来初始化一个变量,由于它不支持
unicode。下一个 NSAutoreleasePool
的样例会用展示正确使用并初始化字符串的方式。 - 这仅仅是处理成员变量内存管理的一种方式,还有一种方式是在你的 set methods 里面建立一份拷贝。
- 如 AddressCard.m,这个范例不仅展示怎样撰写一个 dealloc
-
Autorelease Pool
- 当你想用 NSString 或其它 Foundation framework classes
来做很多其它程序设计工作时,你须要一个更有弹性的系统,也就是使用 Autorelease
pools。 - 当开发 Mac Cocoa 应用程序时,autorelease pool
会自己主动地帮你设定好。 - 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - main.m
- 当你想用 NSString 或其它 Foundation framework classes
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool =
[[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSString *str1 =
@"constant string";
§ NSString *str2 = [NSString
stringWithString: @"string managed by the pool"];
§ NSString *str3 =
[[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"self managed string"];
§
§ // print the
strings
§ printf( "%s retain count:
%x/n", [str1 cString], [str1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count:
%x/n", [str2 cString], [str2 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count:
%x/n", [str3 cString], [str3 retainCount] );
§
§ // free
memory
§ [str3
release];
§
§ // free
pool
§ [pool
release];
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ constant string retain count: ffffffff
§ string managed by the pool retain count: 1
self managed string retain count: 1
- 假设你运行这个程序,你会发现几件事:第一件事,str1 的 retainCount 为
ffffffff。 - 另一件事,尽管我仅仅有 release str3,整个程序却还是处于完美的内存管理下,原因是第一个常数字符串已经自己主动被加到 autorelease pool 里了。另一件事,字符串是由
stringWithString 产生的。这个 method 会产生一个 NSString class 型别的字符串,并自己主动加进 autorelease
pool。 - 千万记得,要有良好的内存管理,像 [NSString stringWithString: @"String"] 这样的
method 使用了 autorelease pool,而
alloc method 如 [[NSString alloc] initWithString:
@"String"] 则没有使用 auto release pool。 - 在 Objective-C 有两种管理内存的方法, 1) retain and
release or 2) retain and release/autorelease。 - 对于每一个 retain,一定要相应一个 release 「或」一个 autorelease。
- 下一个范例会展示我说的这点。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - Fraction.h
- 假设你运行这个程序,你会发现几件事:第一件事,str1 的 retainCount 为
§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int)
d;
§ ...
- Fraction.m
§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d
{
§ Fraction *ret = [[Fraction
alloc] initWithNumerator: n denominator: d];
§ [ret
autorelease];
§
§ return
ret;
§ }
...
- main.m
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool =
[[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac1 =
[Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac2 =
[Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§
§ // print frac
1
§ printf( "Fraction 1: "
);
§ [frac1
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // print frac
2
§ printf( "Fraction 2: "
);
§ [frac2
print];
§ printf( "/n"
);
§
§ // this causes a
segmentation fault
§ //[frac1
release];
§
§ // release the pool and
all objects in it
§ [pool
release];
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ Fraction 1: 2/5
Fraction 2: 1/3
- 在这个样例里,此 method 是一个 class level
method。在对象建立后,在它上面呼叫 了 autorelease。在 main method 里面,我从未在此对象上呼叫
release。 - 这样行得通的原因是:对不论什么 retain 而言,一定要呼叫一个 release 或 autorelease。对象的 retainCount 从 1 起跳 ,然后我在上面呼叫 1 次
autorelease,表示 1 - 1 = 0。当
autorelease pool 被释放时,它会计算全部对象上的 autorelease
呼叫次数,而且呼叫同样次数的 [obj release]。 - 如同批注所说,不把那一行批注掉会造成分段错误(segment fault)。由于对象上已经呼叫过
autorelease,若再呼叫 release,在释放
autorelease pool 时会试图呼叫一个 nil 对象上的 dealloc,但这是不同意的。最后的算式会变为:1 (creation) - 1
(release) - 1 (autorelease) = -1 - 管理大量临时对象时,autorelease pool 能够被动态地产生。你须要做的仅仅是建立一个
pool,运行一堆会建立大量动态对象的程序代码,然后释放这个
pool。你可能会感到好奇,这表示可能同一时候有超过一个 autorelease pool
存在。
- 在这个样例里,此 method 是一个 class level
-
Foundation framework classes
- Foundation framework 地位如同 C++ 的 Standard Template
Library。只是 Objective-C 是真正的动态识别语言(dynamic types),所以不须要像 C++
那样肥得可怕的样版(templates)。这个
framework 包括了对象组、网络、线程,还有很多其它好东西。 -
NSArray
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - main.m
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
- Foundation framework 地位如同 C++ 的 Standard Template
§ #import <Foundation/NSArray.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSArray *array ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator =
[array objectEnumerator];
§ id
obj;
§
§ while ( obj = [enumerator
nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s/n", [[obj
description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool =
[[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSArray *arr = [[NSArray
alloc] initWithObjects:
§ @"Me",
@"Myself", @"I", nil];
§ NSMutableArray *mutable =
[[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
§
§ // enumerate over
items
§ printf( "----static
array/n" );
§ print( arr
);
§
§ // add
stuff
§ [mutable addObject:
@"One"];
§ [mutable addObject:
@"Two"];
§ [mutable
addObjectsFromArray: arr];
§ [mutable addObject:
@"Three"];
§
§ // print
em
§ printf( "----mutable
array/n" );
§ print( mutable
);
§
§ // sort then
print
§ printf( "----sorted
mutable array/n" );
§ [mutable
sortUsingSelector: @selector( caseInsensitiveCompare: )];
§ print( mutable
);
§
§ // free
memory
§ [arr
release];
§ [mutable
release];
§ [pool
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ ----static array
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ ----mutable array
§ One
§ Two
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ Three
§ ----sorted mutable array
§ I
§ Me
§ Myself
§ One
§ Three
Two
- 数组有两种(一般是 Foundation classes 中最数据导向的部分),NSArray
跟 NSMutableArray,顾名思义,mutable(善变的)表示能够被改变,而 NSArray
则不行。这表示你能够制造一个 NSArray 但却不能改变它的长度。 - 你能够用 Obj, Obj, Obj, ..., nil 为參数呼叫建构子来初始化一个数组,当中
nil 表示结尾符号。 - 排序(sorting)展示怎样用 selector 来排序一个对象,这个 selector 告诉数组用 NSString
的忽略大写和小写顺序来排序。假设你的对象有好几个排序方法,你能够使用这个 selector
来选择你想用的方法。 - 在 print method 里,我使用了 description
method。它就像 Java 的
toString,会回传对象的 NSString 表示法。 - NSEnumerator 非常像 Java 的列举系统。while ( obj = [array
objectEnumerator] ) 行得通的理由是 objectEnumerator
会回传最后一个对象的 nil。在 C 里 nil 通常代表 0,也就是
false。改用 ( ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) != nil )
或许更好。
- 数组有两种(一般是 Foundation classes 中最数据导向的部分),NSArray
-
NSDictionary
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。 - main.m
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSDictionary.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <Foundation/Foundation.h<
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSDictionary *map ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator =
[map keyEnumerator];
§ id
key;
§
§ while ( key = [enumerator
nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s =>
%s/n",
§ [[key description]
cString],
§ [[[map
objectForKey: key] description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool =
[[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSDictionary *dictionary =
[[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjectsAndKeys:
§ @"one", [NSNumber
numberWithInt: 1],
§ @"two", [NSNumber
numberWithInt: 2],
§ @"three", [NSNumber
numberWithInt: 3],
§ nil];
§ NSMutableDictionary
*mutable = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
§
§ // print
dictionary
§ printf( "----static
dictionary/n" );
§ print( dictionary
);
§
§ // add
objects
§ [mutable setObject: @"Tom"
forKey: @"tom@jones.com"];
§ [mutable setObject: @"Bob"
forKey: @"bob@dole.com" ];
§
§ // print mutable
dictionary
§ printf( "----mutable
dictionary/n" );
§ print( mutable
);
§
§ // free memory
§ [dictionary
release];
§ [mutable
release];
§ [pool
release];
§
§ return
0;
}
- output
§ ----static dictionary
§ 1 => one
§ 2 => two
§ 3 => three
§ ----mutable dictionary
§ bob@dole.com => Bob
tom@jones.com => Tom
-
长处与缺点
-
长处
- Cateogies
- Posing
- 动态识别
- 指标计算
- 弹性讯息传递
- 不是一个过度复杂的 C 衍生语言
- 可透过 Objective-C++ 与 C++ 结合
-
缺点
- 不支持命名空间
- 不支持运算符多载(尽管这经常被视为一个长处,只是正确地使用运算符多载能够减少程序代码复杂度)
- 语言里仍然有些讨厌的东西,只是不比 C++ 多。
-
长处
- 很多其它信息
Last modified: April 13, 2004.
中文翻译:William Shih
(xamous),January 7, 2005