【原创】源码角度分析Android的消息机制系列(六)——Handler的工作原理

时间:2022-05-13 23:32:37

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先看Handler的定义:

/**
* A Handler allows you to send and process {@link Message} and Runnable
* objects associated with a thread's {@link MessageQueue}. Each Handler
* instance is associated with a single thread and that thread's message
* queue. When you create a new Handler, it is bound to the thread /
* message queue of the thread that is creating it -- from that point on,
* it will deliver messages and runnables to that message queue and execute
* them as they come out of the message queue.
*
* <p>There are two main uses for a Handler: (1) to schedule messages and
* runnables to be executed as some point in the future; and (2) to enqueue
* an action to be performed on a different thread than your own.
* ……….
* */
public class Handler {
……..
}

由源码中对Handler的定义以及注释,我们可知,Handler主要就是用来发送和处理消息的。每一个Handler的实例都和一个线程以及该线程的MessageQueue相关联。Hadnler主要有2个作用:①在未来某个时刻去发送或处理Message或Runnable(post方法)②在另一个线程中去处理消息(send方法)。

再看Handler的构造方法:

public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
…….
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
} mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
……

由构造方法可知,当前线程中没有Looper时,若创建Handler对象,则会抛出"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"异常。所以,必须要在有Looper的线程中创建Handler,否则,程序将抛出异常。

Handler的工作主要包含消息的发送和接收过程。消息的发送可以通过post的一系列方法以及send的一系列方法来实现。下面来看一系列post方法:

   public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, long uptimeMillis)
{
return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis);
}
public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, Object token, long uptimeMillis)
{
return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r, token), uptimeMillis);
}
public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
}
public final boolean postAtFrontOfQueue(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(getPostMessage(r));
}

通过源码,我们可以知道,post的一系列方法最终还是通过send的一系列方法来实现的。

下面看send的一系列发送消息的源码:

    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
{
return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

由源码可知,Handler发送消息的过程,其实就是向消息队列中插入了一条消息。

由MessageQueue的工作原理和Looper的工作原理我们可以知道,当MessageQueue中插入了新的消息后,next方法就会返回该消息给Looper,Looper接收到消息并开始处理消息,但最终Looper是通过调用Handler的dispatchMessage方法来处理消息的,即消息最终还是交给了Handler去处理。

下面来看Handler的dispatchMessage方法的源码,如下:

 public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}

首先,判断了Message的callback是否为null,若不为null,则调用handleCallback方法。

Message中有属性:  /*package*/ Runnable callback;  那么,message.callback即Handler的post方法所传递的Runnable参数。再结合handleCallback方法的源码可知,handleCallback方法其实就是开启了一个子线程,去处理post方法。

再看dispatchMessage方法的源码,若Message的callback为空,则判断mCallback是否为null,由Handler的源码:

final Callback mCallback;
public interface Callback {
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
}
/**
* Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
*/
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}

可知,Callback就是一个接口,而且其中定义了handleMessage方法。由此我们可以联想到,当需要获取一个Handler实例时,我们除了可以继承Handler,重写handleMessage方法外,我们还可以通过实现Callback 接口,然后实现接口中的handleMessage方法来实现。

接着来看dispatchMessage方法的源码,若mCallback为null,最后还是调用handleMessage方法来处理消息。

在开发过程中,当用Handler处理消息时,我们一般是需要重写handleMessage方法的,处理消息的逻辑由我们自己来写。