frozenset() 定义一个不能添加修改的集合
>>> s = frozenset()
>>> s.add("aaa")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'
hash() 返回对象的哈希值
>>> a = "abcde"
>>> hash(a)
-1767484571
max() 最大值
>>> max(11,22,33)
33
min() 最小值
>>> min(11,22,33)
11
pow() 幂运算
>>> import math
>>> math.pow(2,3)
8.0
reversed() 反转
>>> a = reversed('abcdef')
>>> for i in a:
... print(i)
...
f
e
d
c
b
a
round() 四舍五入
>>> round(3.3)
3
>>> round(3.5)
4
sorted() 排序,还可按照key排序,反转排序
>>> sorted('akfihgke')
['a', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'k', 'k'] >>> L = [('b',2),('a',1),('c',3),('d',4)]
>>> sorted(L, key=lambda x:x[1])
[('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)] >>> print(sorted([5,4,6,3,1], reverse=True))
[6, 5, 4, 3, 1]
>>> print(sorted([5,4,6,3,1], reverse=False))
[1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
zip()
>>> x = [1,2,3]
>>> y = [4,5,6]
>>> zipped = zip(x,y)
>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
文件操作
read() 按字符来读文件
tell() 返回当前指针位置,按字节来算
seek() 设置指针位置
truncate() 获取指针前面的,并删掉后面的,然后保存文件