一、Tcp 客户端服务器通信模型
首先要清楚socket通信整个过程是怎样的,首先肯定都要创建一个socket, 然后服务器收拾收拾,准备接客(listen,bind accept).诶,有客户端来大保健了(accept)。来吧,谈谈价钱啥的(三次握手),好了,达成一致,开始工作。
下面首先总结一下几个重要的函数:
1、 socket()函数
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
这个操作类似于打开文件操作,返回socket的socket描述符。
参数:
domain:协议域,又称为协议族(family)。常用的协议族有AF_INET、AF_INET6、AF_LOCAL、AF_ROUTE。协议族决定了socket的地址类型,通信时采用与其相符的地址,AF_INET用ipv4地址(32位)和16位端口号的组合
type:指定socket类型,常用的有SOCK_STREAM、SOCK_DGRAM、SOCK_RAW、SOCK_PACKET、SOCK_SEQPACKET,前两个分别对应TCP和UDP类型的socket
protocol:指定协议,常用有IPPROTO_TCP、IPPTOTO_UDP、IPPROTO_SCTP、IPPROTO_TIPC,协议和socket的类型要匹配。0会选择type对应的默认类型。
2、 bind()函数
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
把一个地址族的特定地址指定给socket,而不是由系统随机分配.
参数:
sockfd:socket描述符,socket()函数返回的int值
addr:一个地址结构体的const指针,指向要绑定给sockfd的地址,结构体的结构和地址协议相符。
如ipv4的地对应的
struct sockaddr_in {
sa_family_t sin_family; /*地址族: AF_INET */
in_port_t sin_port; /*网络字节序的端口号 */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /*internet 地址 */
};
/* Internet 地址. */
struct in_addr {
uint32_t s_addr; /* 网络字节序的地址 */
};
应该注意使用htol,htos函数将主机字节顺序转换为网络字节顺序,避免潜在的错误。
3、 listen()、connect()函数
使用时依次调用socket(),connect(),然后调用listen()来监听socket,客户端调用connect是,服务器就会收到这个请求。
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
sockfd是要监听的socket的描述符
backlog是这个socket可以排队连接的最大链接个数,也就是这个socket的等待队列的长度。调用listen,socket开始等待客户的链接请求
int connect(int sockfd, const structsockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
sockfd 是客户端socket描述字
addr为服务器的socket地址
addr_len是socket地址的长度。
客户端通过调用connect函数来建立与TCP服务器的连接。调用listen(),socket开始等待客户的链接请求
4、accept()函数
服务器端第四个要调用的函数,服务器收到请求后,用accept接受请求,然后链接就建立了,可以开始读写操作。
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
sockfd是服务器socket描述字
addr是指针,用于返回客户端地址
addrlen是协议地址的长度。函数的返回值是内核自动生成的一个全新的描述字,代表一个和客户端的TCP链接
5、read(),write()读写操作
相关函数原型如
#include <unistd.h>
ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
ssize_t recv(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr*dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);
ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
struct sockaddr*src_addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
ssize_t sendmsg(int sockfd, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
ssize_t recvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr*msg, int flags);
close()函数
读写完毕后要关闭相应的socket描述字
#include <unistd.h>
int close(int fd);
上面的函数总结摘录于博客:Socket通信——Linux下,使用C/C++
下面将编写代码实现客户端,服务器通信。凡事从最简单的开始,那我们首先就服务器处理一个连接,然后处理多个连接,客户端显示用telnet,然后自己写。服务器也是由单个到并发,试着用pthread,fork,select,epoll,由简单到复杂逐步实现,本文不实现select和epoll,留着下次实现。
二、Server 最简单版:
从最简单的开始,不写客户端,只写一个简单服务端程序,然后用telenet连接。
服务端socket编程步骤如下:
(1)创建一个socket
(2)绑定到ip地址和端口
(3)开始监听
(4)接受连接,然后处理后续通信。
按照上述步骤,写出的代码如下:
/*
C socket server example
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h> //strlen
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h> //inet_addr
#include<unistd.h> //write
int main(int argc , char *argv[])
{
int socket_desc , client_sock , c , read_size;
struct sockaddr_in server , client;
char client_message[2000];
//Create socket
socket_desc = socket(AF_INET , SOCK_STREAM , 0);
if (socket_desc == -1)
{
printf("Could not create socket");
}
puts("Socket created");
//Prepare the sockaddr_in structure
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
server.sin_port = htons( 8888 );
//Bind
if( bind(socket_desc,(struct sockaddr *)&server , sizeof(server)) < 0)
{
//print the error message
perror("bind failed. Error");
return 1;
}
puts("bind done");
//Listen
listen(socket_desc , 3);
//Accept and incoming connection
puts("Waiting for incoming connections...");
c = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
//accept connection from an incoming client
client_sock = accept(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr *)&client, (socklen_t*)&c);
if (client_sock < 0)
{
perror("accept failed");
return 1;
}
puts("Connection accepted");
//Receive a message from client
while( (read_size = recv(client_sock , client_message , 2000 , 0)) > 0 )
{
//Send the message back to client
write(client_sock , client_message , strlen(client_message));
}
if(read_size == 0)
{
puts("Client disconnected");
fflush(stdout);
}
else if(read_size == -1)
{
perror("recv failed");
}
return 0;
}
上述代码创建了一个服务器,ip是本地地址(127.0.0.1)端口 8888,它从客户端收到消息后又会将这条消息返回给客户端。
测试:
$telenet localhost 8888
三、Server 多线程版:
刚服务器Server太简单了,只能处理一个连接,现在让它可以处理多个连接,用线程处理多个连接通信。
/*
C socket server example, handles multiple clients using threads
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h> //strlen
#include<stdlib.h> //strlen
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h> //inet_addr
#include<unistd.h> //write
#include<pthread.h> //for threading , link with lpthread
//the thread function
void *connection_handler(void *);
int main(int argc , char *argv[])
{
int socket_desc , client_sock , c , *new_sock;
struct sockaddr_in server , client;
//Create socket
socket_desc = socket(AF_INET , SOCK_STREAM , 0);
if (socket_desc == -1)
{
printf("Could not create socket");
}
puts("Socket created");
//Prepare the sockaddr_in structure
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
server.sin_port = htons( 8888 );
//Bind
if( bind(socket_desc,(struct sockaddr *)&server , sizeof(server)) < 0)
{
//print the error message
perror("bind failed. Error");
return 1;
}
puts("bind done");
//Listen
listen(socket_desc , 3);
//Accept and incoming connection
puts("Waiting for incoming connections...");
c = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
//Accept and incoming connection
puts("Waiting for incoming connections...");
c = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while( (client_sock = accept(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr *)&client, (socklen_t*)&c)) )
{
puts("Connection accepted");
pthread_t sniffer_thread;
new_sock = malloc(1);
*new_sock = client_sock;
if( pthread_create( &sniffer_thread , NULL , connection_handler , (void*) new_sock) < 0)
{
perror("could not create thread");
return 1;
}
//Now join the thread , so that we dont terminate before the thread
//pthread_join( sniffer_thread , NULL);
puts("Handler assigned");
}
if (client_sock < 0)
{
perror("accept failed");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/*
* This will handle connection for each client
* */
void *connection_handler(void *socket_desc)
{
//Get the socket descriptor
int sock = *(int*)socket_desc;
int read_size;
char *message , client_message[2000];
//Send some messages to the client
message = "Greetings! I am your connection handler\n";
write(sock , message , strlen(message));
message = "Now type something and i shall repeat what you type \n";
write(sock , message , strlen(message));
//Receive a message from client
while( (read_size = recv(sock , client_message , 2000 , 0)) > 0 )
{
//Send the message back to client
write(sock , client_message , strlen(client_message));
}
if(read_size == 0)
{
puts("Client disconnected");
fflush(stdout);
}
else if(read_size == -1)
{
perror("recv failed");
}
//Free the socket pointer
free(socket_desc);
return 0;
}
四、Server 多进程版:
上面是多线程,用多进程试试.
/*
C socket server example, handles multiple clients using threads
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h> //strlen
#include<stdlib.h> //strlen
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h> //inet_addr
#include<unistd.h> //write
#include<pthread.h> //for threading , link with lpthread
//the thread function
void *connection_handler(void *);
int main(int argc , char *argv[])
{
int socket_desc , client_sock , c , *new_sock;
struct sockaddr_in server , client;
pid_t pid;
//Create socket
socket_desc = socket(AF_INET , SOCK_STREAM , 0);
if (socket_desc == -1)
{
printf("Could not create socket");
}
puts("Socket created");
//Prepare the sockaddr_in structure
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
server.sin_port = htons( 8888 );
//Bind
if( bind(socket_desc,(struct sockaddr *)&server , sizeof(server)) < 0)
{
//print the error message
perror("bind failed. Error");
return 1;
}
puts("bind done");
//Listen
listen(socket_desc , 3);
//Accept and incoming connection
puts("Waiting for incoming connections...");
c = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
//Accept and incoming connection
puts("Waiting for incoming connections...");
c = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while( (client_sock = accept(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr *)&client, (socklen_t*)&c)) )
{
puts("Connection accepted");
pid = fork(); //创建子进程
if(pid == -1)
printf("fork 1 failed:");
else if(pid==0)
{
close(socket_desc); //关闭listen socket
int read_size;
char *message , client_message[2000];
//Receive a message from client
while( (read_size = recv(client_sock , client_message , 2000 , 0)) > 0 )
{
//Send the message back to client
write(client_sock , client_message , strlen(client_message));
}
if(read_size == 0)
{
puts("Client disconnected");
fflush(stdout);
}
else if(read_size == -1)
{
perror("recv failed");
}
}
else if(pid>0)
{
//父进程中关闭client_sockfd
close(client_sock);
}
}
if (client_sock < 0)
{
perror("accept failed");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
五、Client:
不用telent了,自己写一个简单的客户端:
/*
client example using sockets
*/
#include<stdio.h> //printf
#include<string.h> //strlen
#include<sys/socket.h> //socket
#include<arpa/inet.h> //inet_addr
int main(int argc , char *argv[])
{
int sock;
struct sockaddr_in server;
char message[1000] , server_reply[2000];
//Create socket
sock = socket(AF_INET , SOCK_STREAM , 0);
if (sock == -1)
{
printf("Could not create socket");
}
puts("Socket created");
server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons( 8888 );
//Connect to remote server
if (connect(sock , (struct sockaddr *)&server , sizeof(server)) < 0)
{
perror("connect failed. Error");
return 1;
}
puts("Connected\n");
//keep communicating with server
while(1)
{
printf("Enter message : ");
scanf("%s" , message);
//Send some data
if( send(sock , message , strlen(message) , 0) < 0)
{
puts("Send failed");
return 1;
}
//Receive a reply from the server
if( recv(sock , server_reply , 2000 , 0) < 0)
{
puts("recv failed");
break;
}
puts("Server reply :");
puts(server_reply);
}
close(sock);
return 0;
}
上述代码将连接到localhost,port=8888.
所有代码,均是实验代码,可跑通,不排除有其他问题,仅供学习!