本文主要记录我在学习C#中foreach遍历原理的心得体会。
对集合中的要素进行遍历是所有编码中经常涉及到的操作,因此大部分编程语言都把此过程写进了语法中,比如C#中的foreach。经常会看到下面的遍历代码:
var lstStr = new List<string> { "a", "b" };
foreach (var str in lstStr)
{
Console.WriteLine(str);
}
实际此代码的执行过程:
var lstStr = new List<string> {"a", "b"};
IEnumerator<string> enumeratorLst = lstStr.GetEnumerator();
while (enumeratorLst.MoveNext())
{
Console.WriteLine(enumeratorLst.Current);
}
会发现有GetEnumerator()方法和IEnumerator<string>类型,这就涉及到可枚举类型和枚举器的概念。
为了方便理解,以下为非泛型示例:
// 摘要:
// 公开枚举器,该枚举器支持在非泛型集合上进行简单迭代。
public interface IEnumerable
{
// 摘要:
// 返回一个循环访问集合的枚举器。
//
// 返回结果:
// 可用于循环访问集合的 System.Collections.IEnumerator 对象。
IEnumerator GetEnumerator();
}
实现了此接口的类称为可枚举类型,是可以用foreach进行遍历的标志。
方法GetEnumerator()的返回值是枚举器,可以理解为游标。
// 摘要:
// 支持对非泛型集合的简单迭代。
public interface IEnumerator
{
// 摘要:
// 获取集合中的当前元素。
//
// 返回结果:
// 集合中的当前元素。
//
// 异常:
// System.InvalidOperationException:
// 枚举数定位在该集合的第一个元素之前或最后一个元素之后。
object Current { get; } // 摘要:
// 将枚举数推进到集合的下一个元素。
//
// 返回结果:
// 如果枚举数成功地推进到下一个元素,则为 true;如果枚举数越过集合的结尾,则为 false。
//
// 异常:
// System.InvalidOperationException:
// 在创建了枚举数后集合被修改了。
bool MoveNext();
//
// 摘要:
// 将枚举数设置为其初始位置,该位置位于集合中第一个元素之前。
//
// 异常:
// System.InvalidOperationException:
// 在创建了枚举数后集合被修改了。
void Reset();
}
而生成一个枚举器的的工具就是迭代器,以下是自定义一个迭代器的示例(https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.collections.ienumerator.aspx):
using System;
using System.Collections; // Simple business object.
public class Person
{
public Person(string fName, string lName)
{
this.firstName = fName;
this.lastName = lName;
} public string firstName;
public string lastName;
} // Collection of Person objects. This class
// implements IEnumerable so that it can be used
// with ForEach syntax.
public class People : IEnumerable
{
private Person[] _people;
public People(Person[] pArray)
{
_people = new Person[pArray.Length]; for (int i = ; i < pArray.Length; i++)
{
_people[i] = pArray[i];
}
} // Implementation for the GetEnumerator method.
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
return (IEnumerator) GetEnumerator();
} public PeopleEnum GetEnumerator()
{
return new PeopleEnum(_people);
}
} // When you implement IEnumerable, you must also implement IEnumerator.
public class PeopleEnum : IEnumerator
{
public Person[] _people; // Enumerators are positioned before the first element
// until the first MoveNext() call.
int position = -; public PeopleEnum(Person[] list)
{
_people = list;
} public bool MoveNext()
{
position++;
return (position < _people.Length);
} public void Reset()
{
position = -;
} object IEnumerator.Current
{
get
{
return Current;
}
} public Person Current
{
get
{
try
{
return _people[position];
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException();
}
}
}
} class App
{
static void Main()
{
Person[] peopleArray = new Person[]
{
new Person("John", "Smith"),
new Person("Jim", "Johnson"),
new Person("Sue", "Rabon"),
}; People peopleList = new People(peopleArray);
foreach (Person p in peopleList)
Console.WriteLine(p.firstName + " " + p.lastName); }
} /* This code produces output similar to the following:
*
* John Smith
* Jim Johnson
* Sue Rabon
*
*/
在有了yield这个关键字以后,我们可以通过这样的方式来创建枚举器:
using System;
using System.Collections; // Simple business object.
public class Person
{
public Person(string fName, string lName)
{
this.firstName = fName;
this.lastName = lName;
} public string firstName;
public string lastName;
} // Collection of Person objects. This class
// implements IEnumerable so that it can be used
// with ForEach syntax.
public class People : IEnumerable
{
private Person[] _people; public People(Person[] pArray)
{
_people = new Person[pArray.Length]; for (int i = ; i < pArray.Length; i++)
{
_people[i] = pArray[i];
}
} // Implementation for the GetEnumerator method.
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
for (int i = ; i < _people.Length; i++)
{
yield return _people[i];
}
} } class App
{
static void Main()
{
Person[] peopleArray = new Person[]
{
new Person("John", "Smith"),
new Person("Jim", "Johnson"),
new Person("Sue", "Rabon"),
}; People peopleList = new People(peopleArray);
foreach (Person p in peopleList)
Console.WriteLine(p.firstName + " " + p.lastName);
}
}
yield和return一起使用才有意义,这个关键字就是为迭代器服务的,所以有yield所在的方法是迭代器,作用是返回相同类型的值的一个序列,执行到yield return 这个语句之后,函数并不直接返回,而是保存此元素到序列中,继续执行,直到函数体结束或者yield break。
但是生成的此迭代器的函数体并不会在直接调用时运行,只会在foreach中迭代时执行。如:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection; // Simple business object.
public class Person
{
public Person(string fName, string lName)
{
this.firstName = fName;
this.lastName = lName;
} public string firstName;
public string lastName;
} // Collection of Person objects. This class
// implements IEnumerable so that it can be used
// with ForEach syntax.
public class People
{
private Person[] _people; public People(Person[] pArray)
{
_people = new Person[pArray.Length]; for (int i = ; i < pArray.Length; i++)
{
_people[i] = pArray[i];
}
} // Implementation for the GetEnumerator method.
public IEnumerable GetMyEnumerator()
{
Console.WriteLine("a");
for (int i = ; i < _people.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(i.ToString());
yield return _people[i];
}
} } class App
{
static void Main()
{
Person[] peopleArray = new Person[]
{
new Person("John", "Smith"),
new Person("Jim", "Johnson"),
new Person("Sue", "Rabon"),
}; People peopleList = new People(peopleArray);
IEnumerable myEnumerator = peopleList.GetMyEnumerator();
Console.WriteLine("Start Iterate");
foreach (Person p in myEnumerator)
{
Console.WriteLine(p.firstName + " " + p.lastName);
} Console.ReadLine();
}
}
结果:
转载:https://www.cnblogs.com/alongdada/p/7598119.html