1.python的数据类型之列表
列表是Python开发语言中最常见的数据类型之一,通过列表可以实现对数据的增删改等常用操作。
列表的定义:例子
names = ["Lucy","Lily","jack"]
列表的常用功能
1)取出列表中的元素:例子
取出列表的第二个元素:通过下标的方式,下标从0开始计数。
取出列表的最后一个元素:
2)切片:例子 注意列表在切片的时候是包头不包尾。
例一:
names = ["Lucy","Lily","jack","rain"]
print (names[0:3])
运行结果如下:
['Lucy', 'Lily', 'jack']
例二:
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
print(datas[-1])
运行结果:lily
3)追加:例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas.append("新人")
print(datas)
运行结果:['jack', 'john', 'rain', 'lily', '新人']
4)插入:例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas.insert(1,"插入到下标为1的位置上")
print(datas)
运行结果:['jack', '插入到下标为1的位置上', 'john', 'rain', 'lily']
5)修改;例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas[2]="lilei"
print(datas)
运行结果:['jack', 'john', 'lilei', 'lily']
6)删除:例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
del datas[2]
print(datas)
运行结果:['jack', 'john', 'lily']
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas.remove("jack")
print(datas)
运行结果:['john', 'rain', 'lily']
7)拷贝:例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
data = datas.copy()
print(data)
运行结果:['jack', 'john', 'rain', 'lily']
8)统计:例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john"] print(datas.count("john"))
运行结果:2
9)排序和反转:例子
排序:
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2"] datas.sort()
print(datas)
运行结果:['1', '2', 'jack', 'john', 'john', 'lily', 'rain']
反转:
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2"] datas.reverse()
print(datas)
运行结果:['2', '1', 'john', 'lily', 'rain', 'john', 'jack']
10)获取列表里某个元素的下标位置:例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2"] print(datas.index("lily"))
运行结果:3 2.python的数据类型之元组
元组与列表类似,也是存一组数,但是元组一旦创建,便不能再修改,所以又叫只读列表。
元组只有两个方法,一个是count,另一个是index。
例子1:
datas = ("jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2") print(datas.index("rain"))
运行结果:2
例子2:
datas = ("jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2") print(datas.count("john"))
运行结果:2
3.python的数据类型之字符串
字符串的特性就是不可修改。
字符串的一些功能如下:
1)首字母大写
datas = "far across the distance and spaces between us" print(datas.capitalize())
运行结果:Far across the distance and spaces between us 2)大写全部变小写
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us" print(datas.casefold())
运行结果:far across the tistance and spaces between us 3)输出方式
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us" print(datas.center(50,"-"))
运行结果:--Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us--- 4)统计
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us Us" print(datas.count("Us"))
运行结果:2 5)判断字符串是否以...结尾
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us Us" print(datas.endswith("s"))
运行结果:True
6)查找字符,找到返回其索引, 找不到返回-1
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us" print(datas.find("d"))
运行结果:26
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us" print(datas.find("D"))
运行结果:-1 7)format使用方式
datas = "you are {} yeras old,your are {}." print(datas.format(25,"Lily"))
运行结果:you are 25 yeras old,your are Lily.
datas = "you are {age} yeras old,your are {name}." print(datas.format(name="Lucy",age=28))
运行结果:you are 28 yeras old,your are Lucy.
8)isdigit():是否整数
print("9".isdigit())
运行结果:True
print("9a".isdigit())
运行结果:False
9)返回某字符所在字符串的索引
datas = "you are 22 yeras old,your are lily." print(datas.index("s"))
运行结果:15 4.python的数据类型之字典
字典主要有两个特性:a.无序;b.key必须是唯一的。
字典的常用功能如下:
1)增加
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23"}
datas["job"]="IT"
print(datas)
运行结果:{'age': '23', 'name': 'lily', 'job': 'IT'} 2)修改
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23"} datas["name"]="jack"
print(datas)
运行结果:{'age': '23', 'name': 'jack'}
3)删除
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"} datas.pop("name")
print(datas)
运行结果:{'age': '23', 'job': 'IT'}
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"} del datas["age"]
print(datas)
运行结果:{'name': 'lily', 'job': 'IT'}
4)查找
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
print("name" in datas)
运行结果:True
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
print(datas.get("age"))
运行结果:23 5)字典的循环
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
for i in datas:
print(i,datas[i])
运行结果:
job IT
name lily
age 23
5.文件
1) 打开文件
打开文件时,需要指定文件路径和以哪种方式打开文件,打开后,就可以获取该文件句柄并且把它赋值给一个变量,以后通过此文件句柄对该文件操作,对文件操作结束后,要关闭文件。
打开文件的主要模式如下:
r ,只读模式【默认】
w,只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则清空内容;】
x, 只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建,存在则报错】
a, 追加模式【可读; 不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容;】
"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件
r+, 读写【可读,可写】
w+,写读【可读,可写】
x+ ,写读【可读,可写】
a+, 写读【可读,可写】
2)对文件进行操作
文件句柄
=
open
(
'文件路径'
,
'模式'
):例子
例子1: f = open("test.txt",mode="r",encoding="utf-8") #以只读方式打开test.txt文件
例子2:
test.txt文件内容如下:
abcde
ABCDE
opqrst 程序代码内容如下:
f = open("test.txt","r",encoding="utf-8") #以只读方式打开文件且获取文件句柄
Files = f #把文件句柄赋值给变量Files
a = Files.read() #读取文件内容,并且把它赋值给一个变量
print(a) #输出或者打印文件内容
运行结果:
abcde
ABCDE
opqrst
例子3:
test.txt文件内容如下:
abcde
ABCDE
opqrst 程序代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
f = open("test.txt","r",encoding="utf-8")
Files = f
a = Files.readline() #读取文件的一行内容
print(a) f.close()
运行结果如下:
abcde