一、从Request对象中获取信息
1、URL相关的信息
属性/方法 | 说明 | 举例 |
request.path | 除域名以外的请求路径,以正斜杠开头 | “/hello/” |
request.get_host() | 主机名(通常所说的域名) |
“127.0.0.1:8000” “www.example.com” |
request.get_full_path() | 请求路径,可能包含查询字符串 | “/hello/?print=true” |
request.is_secure() | 如果通过HTTPS访问,则此方法返回true,否则返回false | TRUE或者false |
2、其他信息:
(1)request.META:包含本次所有HTTP请求的Header信息(如用户IP地址,用户Agent(通常是浏览器名称和版本号))
常见的键值:HTTP_REFERER:进站前链接网页;
HTTP_USER_AGENT:浏览器的user-agent字符串;
REMONT_ADDR:客户端IP;
3、下来我们来创建一个简单的表单:
#views.py
def search_form(request):
return render_to_response('search_form.html')
def search(request):
if 'q' in request.GET:
message = '您搜索了 :%r'% request.GET['q']
else:
message = '你提交了一个空表单' #如果不进行判断,如果提交空表单就会出错
return HttpResponse(message)
#search_form.html
<form action="/search/" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q"/>
<input type="submit" value="search">
</form>
url(r'^search-form/$',views.search_form),
url(r'^search/$',views.search),
4、测试完成之后来实现书籍的查询;
def search(request):
error = False
if 'q' in request.GET:
q = request.GET['q']
if not q:
error = True
else:
books = Book.objects.filter(title__icontains = q) #__icontains查询关键字:模糊匹配,不区分大小写
return render_to_response('search_results.html',
{'books':books,'query':q})
return render_to_response('search_form.html',
{'error':error})
<body>
{% if error %}
<p style="color:red">please submit a search term</p>
{% endif %}
<form action="" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q"/>
<input type="submit" value="search">
</form>
</body>
<body>
<p>you searched for:<strong>{{ query }}</strong></p> {% if books %}
<p>Found {{ books|length }}book{{ books|pluralize }}.</p> <!--单词的复数形式,如列表字符串个数大于1,返回s,否则返回空串-->
<ul>
{% for book in books %}
<li>{{ book.title }} : {{ book.publisher }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% else %}
<p>No books matched your search criteria</p>
{% endif %}
</body>
访问127.0.0.1:60500/search-form/,如图一,若提交空表单,显示如图二;查询“python”关键字得到图三:
5、接下来我们队用户的输入进行一个简单的验证(不超多20个字符):
def search(request):
errors = []
if 'q' in request.GET:
q = request.GET['q']
if not q:
errors.append('please submit a search term')
elif len(q) > 20:
errors.append('please enter at most 20 charactors')
else:
books = Book.objects.filter(title__icontains = q) #__icontains查询关键字:模糊匹配,不区分大小写
return render_to_response('search_results.html',
{'books':books,'query':q})
return render_to_response('search_form.html',
{'errors':errors})
#search_form.html
<body>
{% if errors %}
<ul>
{% for error in errors %}
<li>{{ error }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
<form action="" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q"/>
<input type="submit" value="search">
</form>
</body>
提交空表单 关键字超过20个字符 正常提交
6、体验站点联系表单:
我们想要创建一个表单含有三个字段:subject,message和email
(1)先 在firstSite目录下(books的同级目录)新建一个app,使用命令:python manage.py startapp contact,然后再contact目录下新建一个名为forms.py的文件,在这个文件里面创建我们的Form类。
django带有一个form库成为django.forms,这个库可以处理表单HTML的显示和验证;
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from django import forms #引入form库 class ContactForm(forms.Form):
subject = forms.CharField(max_length= 100) #设置最大值
email = forms.EmailField(required= False,label= 'Your e-mail address') #email为非必填选项
message = forms.CharField(widget= forms.Textarea) #设置HTML里面message的标签为textarea,而不是input type=‘text’
(2)在我们的views.py文件中:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from contact.forms import ContactForm
from django.template import RequestContext
# Create your tests here.
def contact(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
form = ContactForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid(): #检验输入数据是否合法
cd = form.cleanded_data #清理数据
send_mail( #发送邮件函数,四个必选参数:(主题,正文,寄信人,收件人)
cd['subject'],
cd['message'],
cd.get('email', 'noreply@example.com'),
['siteowner@example.com'],
)
return HttpResponseRedirect('/contact/thanks/')
else:
form = ContactForm(
initial= {'subject': "it's nice"} #设置初始值
)
return render_to_response('contact_form.html',
{'form':form},
)
(3)在我们的Contact.html里:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>contact_form</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Contact us</h1>
{% if form.errors %} <!--内置errors字典-->
<p style="color:red">
Please corrent the error{{ form.errors|pluralize }} below
</p>
{% endif %} <form action="" method="post">
<table>
{{ form.as_table }} <!--按照<table>输出,还有其他形式的输出:form.as_ul(),form.as_p-->
</table>
<input type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
(4)接下来我们如果要自定义一些验证方式(比如说message字段不可以少于4个)可以在ContactForm类中定义函数:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from django import forms #引入form库 class ContactForm(forms.Form):
subject = forms.CharField(max_length= 100)
email = forms.EmailField(required= False,label= 'Your e-mail address') #email为非必填选项,自定义标签
message = forms.CharField(widget= forms.Textarea) #改变html显示 def clean_message(self): #命名规范:名称以clean_开头,以字段名称结束;
message = self.cleaned_data['message']
num_words = len(message.split())
if num_words < 4:
raise forms.ValidationError('not enough words!') #如果不足,抛出异常
return message
(5)接下来我们来配置url,在firstSite目录下的urls配置:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from django.conf.urls import url #导入 django.conf.urls 模块下的url类
from django.contrib import admin
from django.conf.urls import url,include
admin.autodiscover() urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^books/',include('books.urls')),
url(r'^contact/',include('contact.urls')),
]
(6)在Contact目录下的urls中配置:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views urlpatterns = [
url(r'^contact/$',views.contact),
]
(7)我们对其进行访问:
(7)如果你得到如下报错页面,
可以按照以下步骤解决:
(8)自动显示HTML是很方便的,但是我们在需要的时候也可以重写默认显示;{{ form.as_table}}和其他的方法可以帮你这个忙;每一个字段部件(input type='text',<select>,<textarea>等)都可以通过访问{{form.字段名}}进行单独的渲染;
<form action="" method="post" class="form_1">{% csrf_token %}
<div class="field">
{{ form.subject.errors }}
<label class="left" for="id_message">Subject:</label>
{{ form.subject }}
</div>
<div class="field">
{{ form.email.errors }}
<label class="left" for="id_message">Your e-mail address:</label>
{{ form.email }}
</div>
<div class="field">
{{ form.message.errors }}
<label class="left_last" for="id_message">Message:</label>
{{ form.message }}
</div>
<!--<table>-->
<!--{{ form.as_table }} <!–按照<table>输出,还有其他形式的输出:form.as_ul(),form.as_p–>-->
<!--</table>-->
<input class="submit" type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>