Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性，使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多，但是网上吹嘘胜于apche10倍实在比较夸张，apache经过优化之后处理PHP页面速度还是不错的，比fastcgi方式要稳定的多。
本文就是整合了nginx和apache，由nginx处理静态页，apache处理php页面
安装步骤
系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 4.8，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功
一、获取相关开源程序：
所需软件：
eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
gd-2.0.35.tar.gz
httpd-2.2.14.tar.bz2
mysql-5.1.42.tar.gz
php-5.2.12.tar.bz2
ZendOptimizer-3.3.9-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz
nginx-0.7.64.tar.gz
pcre-8.0.tar.gz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
安装之前要确保系统中安装了以下这些包。
我们可以用rpm -qa |grep 来查看系统是否装
bzip2-devel
zlib-devel
libjpeg-devel
libpng-devel
libtiff-devel
freetype-devel
openssl-devel
libxml2-devel
gettext-devel
这些包一般都安了，除了最后一个，我们可以在光盘里找到用rpm -ivh 来安装上.
二、安装MYSQL
# tar -zxvf mysql-5.1.42.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.1.42
# groupadd mysql
# useradd -g mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M mysql
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/www/mysql --with-charset=gbk --with-extra-charsets=all --enable-thread-safe-client --localstatedir=/var/data
# make && make install
# cp support-files/my-large.cnf /etc/my.cnf
# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/www/mysql/
# /usr/local/www/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
# chown -R root.root /usr/local/www/mysql/
# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/data
启动数据库服务，并添加到自启动
# /usr/local/www/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# netstat -ant
查看3306端口
加入自动启动服务队列：
# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
# chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
# chkconfig --add mysqld
# chkconfig mysqld on
添加root密码
# /usr/local/www/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password "123456"
测试一下：
# /usr/local/www/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p
输入密码：123456，看能不能进入到数据库
配置库文件搜索路径
# echo "/usr/local/www/mysql/lib/mysql">>/etc/ld.so.conf
# ldconfig
# ldconfig -v
# echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/www/mysql/bin">>/etc/profile
# source /etc/profile
三、安装gd
# tar -jxvf gd-2.0.35.tar.bz2
# cd gd-2.0.35
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/www/gd --with-png --with-freetype --with-jpeg --with-zlib --with-fontconfig
# make
#如果GD报错:configure.ac:64: warning: macro `AM_ICONV' not found in library
你就make clean一下，然后再make
# make install
----------------------------------------------
四、安装Apache
# groupadd www
# useradd -g www -s /sbin/nologin -M www
# tar -jxvf httpd-2.2.14.tar.bz2
# cd httpd-2.2.14
# cd srclib/apr
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/www/apr --enable-threads --enable-other-child --enable-static
# make && make install
# cd ../apr-util
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/www/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/www/apr
# make && make install
# cd ../..
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/www/apache --enable-so --enable-rewrite --with-apr=/usr/local/www/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/www/apr-util
# make
# make install
#vi /usr/local/www/apache/conf/httpd.conf
(1)找到DocumentRoot "/usr/local/www/apache/htdocs"
修改为：DocumentRoot "/var/www"
(2)找到
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
Order deny,allow
Deny from all //这句改为Allow from all
</Directory>
(3)找到<Directory "/usr/local/www/apache/htdocs">
修改为：<Directory "/var/www">
(4)找到
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks //这行注释掉，禁止目录列表
(5)找到
<IfModule !mpm_netware_module>
<IfModule !mpm_winnt_module>
User daemon //改为www
Group daemon //改为www
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
添加到自启动
# cp /usr/local/www/apache/bin/apachectl /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd
然后 vi /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd 添加(#!/bin/sh下面)
# chkconfig: 2345 10 90
# description: Activates/Deactivates Apache Web Server
最后，运行chkconfig把Apache添加到系统的启动服务组里面：
# chkconfig --add httpd
# chkconfig httpd on
五、安装PHP
# tar -jxvf php-5.2.12.tar.bz2
# cd php-5.2.12
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/www/php --with-apxs2=/usr/local/www/apache/bin/apxs --with-mysql=/usr/local/www/mysql --with-gd=/usr/local/www/gd --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/www/php --enable-mbstring=all --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --enable-mbregex --with-zlib --enable-sockets --enable-soap --enable-exif --with-zlib-dir --with-bz2 --with-libxml-dir
# make
# make install
# cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/www/php/php.ini
整合apache与php
# vi /usr/local/www/apache/conf/httpd.conf
找到AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz在其下加以下内容
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
查找:(设置WEB默认文件)
DirectoryIndex index.html
改成：
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.htm
保存退出
service httpd restart
然后在目录中建一个文件用来测试php情况
在htdocs目录下建一个测试页
vi index.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
保存退出
重启apache
六、安装PHP扩展
1、安装eaccelerator加速软件
eaccelerator是php的加速软件，使用后php的执行效率会有很大幅度的提升。
# tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
# cd eaccelerator-0.9.5.3
# /usr/local/www/php/bin/phpize
# ./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/www/php/bin/php-config
# make
# make install
编译安装后我们会看到屏幕提示的eaccelerator.so所在的目录，php5.2.x系列是在/usr/local/www/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613,记住这个路径，待会要用到
修改php.ini
# vi /usr/local/www/php/php.ini
安装php扩展
在文件最后，[zend]之前，注意，这部分内容务必放在[zend]之前，不然可能会出现不可预期的服务器问题。添加下列信息：
[eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/www/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="16"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/tmp/eaccelerator"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"
# mkdir /tmp/eaccelerator
# chmod 777 /tmp/eaccelerator
2、安装Zend
# tar -zxvf ZendOptimizer-3.3.9-linux-glibc23-i386.tar.gz
# cp ZendOptimizer-3.3.9-linux-glibc23-i386/data/5_2_x_comp/ZendOptimizer.so /usr/local/www/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/
# vi /usr/local/www/php/php.ini
[Zend Optimizer]
zend_optimizer.optimization_level=1
zend_optimizer.encoder_loader=0
zend_extension="/usr/local/www/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/ZendOptimizer.so"
在浏览器中打开phpinfo()那个测试页，如果出现以下内容，证明安装成功！
This program makes use of the Zend Scripting Language Engine:
Zend Engine v2.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2009 Zend Technologies
with eAccelerator v0.9.5.3, Copyright (c) 2004-2006 eAccelerator, by eAccelerator
with Zend Optimizer v3.3.9, Copyright (c) 1998-2009, by Zend Technologies
3、安装PDO_MYSQL
# tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
# cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
# /usr/local/www/php/bin/phpize
# ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/www/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/www/mysql
# make
# make install
# vi /usr/local/www/php/php.ini
添加
extension_dir = "/usr/local/www/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
extension="pdo_mysql.so"
七、nginx反向代理
1.Tcmalloc 优化Nginx性能
64位操作系统请先安装libunwind库，32位操作系统不要安装。libunwind库为基于64位CPU和操作系统的程序提供了基本的堆栈辗转开解功能，其中包括用于输出堆栈跟踪的API、用于以编程方式辗转开解堆栈的API以及支持C++异常处理机制的API。
# tar zxvf libunwind-0.99-alpha.tar.gz
# cd libunwind-0.99-alpha/
# CFLAGS=-fPIC ./configure
# make CFLAGS=-fPIC
# make CFLAGS=-fPIC install
2、安装google-perftools：
# tar zxvf google-perftools-0.97.tar.gz
# cd google-perftools-0.97/
# ./configure
# make && make install
# echo "/usr/local/lib" > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/usr_local_lib.conf
# /sbin/ldconfig
查看是否好用，启动nginx
# lsof -n|grep tcmalloc
如果出现下面的就表示成功了
----------------------------------------
nginx 4322 www 10w REG 8,2 0 682436 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4322
nginx 4323 www 12w REG 8,2 0 682438 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4323
nginx 4324 www 14w REG 8,2 0 682439 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4324
nginx 4325 www 16w REG 8,2 0 682440 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4325
nginx 4326 www 18w REG 8,2 0 682441 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4326
nginx 4327 www 20w REG 8,2 0 682442 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4327
nginx 4328 www 22w REG 8,2 0 682443 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4328
nginx 4329 www 24w REG 8,2 0 682444 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4329
mysqld_sa 5284 root mem REG 8,2 1388088 62997 /usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so.0.0.0
mysqld 5397 mysql mem REG 8,2 1388088 62997 /usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so.0.0.0
---------------------------------------------
3.安装 pcre
#tar zxvf pcre-8.0.tar.gz
#cd pcre-8.0
#./configure
#make && make install
4、安装nginx
# tar zxvf nginx-0.7.64.tar.gz
# cd nginx-0.7.64
# ./configure --with-http_stub_status_module --with-google_perftools_module --prefix=/usr/local/www/nginx --user=www --group=www
# make && make install
修改nginx的配置文件
我这里是把原先的重命名然后新建了一个nginx.conf
---------------------------------------------------
user www;
worker_processes 8;
pid logs/nginx.pid;
google_perftools_profiles /var/tmp/tcmalloc;
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;
events
{
use epoll;
worker_connections 51200;
}
http{
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
access_log off;
error_log /dev/null;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
client_max_body_size 8m;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 120;
#fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
#fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
#fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
#fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
#fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
#fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
#fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
tcp_nodelay on;
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
gzip_vary on;
include vhost/*.conf;
}
---------------------------------------------
vhost/www.test.com.conf的内容
---------------------------------------------
server
{
listen 80;
server_name www.yahunet.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /var/www/;
location /nginx {
stub_status on;
auth_basic "NginxStatus";
# auth_basic_user_file conf/htpasswd;
#密码由apache的htpasswd工具来产生
access_log off;
}
location / {
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$ {
index index.php;
root /var/www/;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:81;
}
include proxy.conf;
if ( !-e $request_filename) {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:81;
}
location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ {
if (-f $request_filename) {
root /var/www/;
expires 30d;
break;
}
}
location ~* \.(js|css)$ {
if (-f $request_filename) {
root /var/www/;
expires 1d;
break;
}
}
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
#如果需要记录把下面的注释去掉
# log_format access '$http_x_forwarded_for - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer"'
# '"$http_user_agent" $remote_addr';
# access_log logs/www.yahunet.com_access.log access;
}
-------------------------------------------------
proxy.conf内容
--------------------------------------------
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
client_max_body_size 50m;
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_connect_timeout 30;
proxy_send_timeout 30;
proxy_read_timeout 60;
proxy_buffer_size 4k;
proxy_buffers 4 32k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
#Nginx cache
client_body_temp_path client_body 1 2;
proxy_temp_path proxy_temp 1 2;
#client_body_temp_path /tmpfs/client_body_temp 1 2;
#proxy_temp_path /tmpfs/proxy_temp 1 2;
#fastcgi_temp_path /tmpfs/fastcgi_temp 1 2;
----------------------------------------------
修改apache的端口为81
启动 nginx
#/usr/local/www/nginx/sbin/nginx
然后我们用IE测试一下 http://IP地址或域名 就可以看到nginx的默认的页面证明nginx已经启动
关闭 nginx
# kill -QUIT `cat /usr/local/www/nginx/logs/nignx.pid`
重启 nginx
# kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/www/nginx/logs/nignx.pid`
把nginx加入到系统服务
# vi /etc/rc.d/init.d/nginx
#!/bin/bash
# Startup script for the nginx Web Server
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: nginx is a World Wide Web server. It is used to serve
# HTML files and CGI.
# processname: nginx
# pidfile: /usr/local/www/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
# config: /usr/local/www/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:~/bin
export PATH
NGINX_HOME=/usr/local/www/nginx/sbin
NGINX_CONF=/usr/local/www/nginx/conf
if [ ! -f "$NGINX_HOME/nginx" ]
then
echo "nginxserver startup: cannot start"
exit
fi
case "$1" in
'start')
$NGINX_HOME/nginx -c $NGINX_CONF/nginx.conf
echo "nginx start successful"
;;
'stop')
killall -TERM nginx
;;
esac
# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d/nginx
# chkconfig --add nginx
# chkconfig nginx on
八、用tmpfs加速nginx和php
1、加速nginx
# mkdir /tmpfs
编辑/etc/fstab,加入
tmpfs /tmpfs tmpfs size=1024m,mode=1777 0 0
编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/proxy.conf,将缓存目录均指向/tmpfs
client_body_temp_path /tmpfs/client_body_temp 1 2;
proxy_temp_path /tmpfs/proxy_temp 1 2;
fastcgi_temp_path /tmpfs/fastcgi_temp 1 2;
此分区可视情况适当调整大小，此处设置为1G
2、加速php
# mkdir /tmpfs/eaccelerator
# chmod 777 /tmpfs/eaccelerator
# vi /usr/local/www/php/php.ini
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/tmp/eaccelerator"
改为：
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/tmpfs/eaccelerator"
注：/tmpfs重启后就没有了，eaccelerator需要手工创建
可以写一个创建eaccelerator目录的脚本
# vi /usr/local/www/eacc.sh
#!/bin/sh
/bin/mkdir /tmpfs/eaccelerator
/bin/chmod 777 /tmpfs/eaccelerator
/etc/init.d/httpd restart
# chmod a+x /usr/local/www/eacc.sh
# echo "/usr/local/www/eacc.sh">>/etc/rc.local
九、优化Linux内核参数
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容：
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries= 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1
使配置立即生效：
# /sbin/sysctl -p
# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
* soft nofile 51200
* hard nofile 102400
* soft noproc 51200
* hard noproc 102400
# ulimit -SHn 51200
十、Apache优化
1 apache-mpm.conf
httpd.conf去注释
Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
# vi /usr/local/www/apache/conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
ServerLimit 1024
StartServers 15
MinSpareServers 15
MaxSpareServers 30
MaxClients 1024
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
-------------------------------
ServerLimit
默认的MaxClient最大是256个线程,如果想设置更大的值，就的加上ServerLimit这个参数。20000是ServerLimit这个参数的最大值。如果需要更大，则必须编译apache,此前都是不需要重新编译Apache。
-------------------------------
2 apache-keepalive
httpd.conf去注释
# Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
# vi /usr/local/www/apache/conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
Timeout 120 #与nginx的保持一至
KeepAlive On
MaxKeepAliveRequests 1000
KeepAliveTimeout 5
十一、MYSQL 的优化
1、Tcmalloc 优化mysql性能
# vi /etc/init.d/mysqld
添加一行export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so
重新启动mysql
# lsof -n|grep tcmalloc
如果出现下面的就表示成功了
----------------------------------------
nginx 4322 www 10w REG 8,2 0 682436 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4322
nginx 4323 www 12w REG 8,2 0 682438 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4323
nginx 4324 www 14w REG 8,2 0 682439 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4324
nginx 4325 www 16w REG 8,2 0 682440 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4325
nginx 4326 www 18w REG 8,2 0 682441 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4326
nginx 4327 www 20w REG 8,2 0 682442 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4327
nginx 4328 www 22w REG 8,2 0 682443 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4328
nginx 4329 www 24w REG 8,2 0 682444 /var/tmp/tcmalloc.4329
mysqld_sa 5284 root mem REG 8,2 1388088 62997 /usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so.0.0.0
mysqld 5397 mysql mem REG 8,2 1388088 62997 /usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so.0.0.0
---------------------------------------------
2、优化/etc/my.cnf
1)确认在“[mysqld]”部分加入了“skip-innodb”和“skip-bdb”参数；
2)确认在“[mysqld]”部分加入了“skip-name-resolve”和“skip-locking”参数；
3)如果不需要的话，可以将二进制日志（binlog）停掉，方法是将“log-bin”注释掉；
4)在内存允许的情况下，对一些参数进行重新配置，目标在于将大部分操作集中于内存中，尽量不进行磁盘操作，对于我的 MYSQL 服务器我是如下修改的，基于 2G 内存情况：
[mysqld]
key_buffer=512M
max_allowed_packet=4M
table_cache=1024
thread_cache=64
join_buffer_size=32M
sort_buffer=32M
record_buffer=32M
max_connections=512
wait_timeout=120
interactive_timeout=120
max_connect_errors=30000
long_query_time=1
max_heap_table_size=256M
tmp_table_size=128M
thread_concurrency=8
myisam_sort_buffer_size=128M
你可以根据“show status”命令返回的状态进行微调。我主要注意以下变量的数值，越小越好，最好为零：）
Created_tmp_disk_tables
Created_tmp_tables
Created_tmp_files
Slow_queries
在启动脚本中使用“--log-slow-queries=/home/logs/mysql_slow.log”参数，以便进行 SQL 语句的优化工作，这个其实是很很重要的工作。记得一定要在 my.cnf 中设置“long_query_time=1”才行。
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