文章转载自:http://www.yangyanxing.com/?p=1079
1. requests介绍
早就听说requests的库的强大,只是还没有接触,今天接触了一下,发现以前使用urllib,urllib2等方法真是太搓了……
这里写些简单的使用初步作为一个记录
一、安装python的requests模块,使用pip或easy_install都可以
二、发送无参数的get请求
r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')print r.text
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7",
"X-Request-Id": "8a28bbea-55cd-460b-bda3-f3427d66b700"
},
"origin": "124.192.129.84",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
三、发送带参数的get请求,将key与value放入一个字典中,通过params参数来传递,其作用相当于urllib.urlencode
import requestspqyload = {'q':'杨彦星'}r = requests.get('http://www.so.com/s',params = pqyload)r.urlu'http://www.so.com/s?q=%E6%9D%A8%E5%BD%A6%E6%98%9F'
四、发送post请求,通过data参数来传递,
payload = {'a':'杨','b':'hello'}r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)print r.text{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "a": "u6768", "b": "hello" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "19", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7", "X-Request-Id": "c81cb937-04b8-4a2d-ba32-04b5c0b3ba98" }, "json": null, "origin": "124.192.129.84", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"}
可以看到,post参数已经传到了form里,data不光可以接受字典类型的数据,还可以接受json等格式
payload = {'a':'杨','b':'hello'}import jsonr = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(payload))
五、发送文件的post类型,这个相当于向网站上传一张图片,文档等操作,这时要使用files参数
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'files = {'file': open('touxiang.png', 'rb')}r = requests.post(url, files=files)
5.1 定制headers,使用headers参数来传递import jsonurl = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'payload = {'some': 'data'}headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
六、响应内容
6.1 响应状态码r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')print r.status_code6.2 响应头print r.headers{'content-length': '519', 'server': 'gunicorn/18.0', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'date': 'Sun, 15 Jun 2014 14:19:52 GMT', 'access-control-allow-origin': '*', 'content-type': 'application/json'}也可以取到这个个别的响应头用来做一些判断,这里的参数是不区分大小写的r.headers[‘Content-Type’]r.headers.get(‘Content-Type’)6.3 响应内容,前面已经在应用了r.textr.content
七、获取响应中的cookies
r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')r.cookies['BAIDUID']'D5810267346AEFB0F25CB0D6D0E043E6:FG=1'也可以自已定义请求的COOKIESurl = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'cookies = {'cookies_are':'working'}r = requests.get(url,cookies = cookies)print r.text{ "cookies": { "cookies_are": "working" }}cookies还有很多,因为目前我也还不是很多,以后再扩充吧
八、使用timeout参数设置超时时间
requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=1)<Response [200]>如果将时间设置成非常小的数,如requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001),那么如果在timeout的时间内没有连接,那么将会抛出一个Timeout的异常
九、访问中使用session
先初始化一个session对象,s = requests.Session()然后使用这个session对象来进行访问,r = s.post(url,data = user)参考文章 http://blog.csdn.net/iloveyin/article/details/21444613 基本上都是从这扒的代码
2. 爬虫实例
以下通过访问人人网来获取首页中的最近来访问,然后再访问查看更多的来访来读取更多的最近来访
更多的来访就是以带session的访问http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do
#coding:utf-8import requestsimport reurl = r'http://www.renren.com/ajaxLogin'user = {'email':'email','password':'pass'}s = requests.Session()r = s.post(url,data = user)html = r.textvisit = []first = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip first-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')second = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')third = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip last-second-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')last = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip last-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')visit.extend(first.findall(html))visit.extend(second.findall(html))visit.extend(third.findall(html))visit.extend(last.findall(html))for i in visit: print iprint '以下是更多的最近来访'vm = s.get('http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do')fm = re.compile(r'"name":"(.*?)"')visitmore = fm.findall(vm.text)for i in visitmore: print i