1、赋值语句
a = 'abc'
b = a
print id(a)
print id(b) # id(a):29283464
# id(b):29283464
通过简单的复制，我们可以看到，a b其实是一个对象。
对象赋值实际上是简单的对象引用，也就是说，当你创建了一个对象，然后把它赋值给另一个变量时，python并没有拷贝这个对象，而是拷贝了这个对象的引用。
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alt="" width="591" height="128" />
2、浅拷贝
序列类型的对象默认类型拷贝是浅拷贝，通过以下几种方式实施：
(1) 完全切片操作[:]
(2) 利用工厂函数，例如list() 、dict()等
(3) 使用copy模块中的copy函数
创建一个列表对象，然后分别用切片操作和工厂方法拷贝对象，然后使用id()内建函数来显示每个对象的标识符。
s = ['abc',['def',1]]
a = s[:]
b= list(s)
print [id(x) for x in s,a,b]
#[29262792.29238576,28957272]
可以看到创建了三个不同的列表对象。在对对象的每一个元素进行操作：
a[0] = 'a'
b[0] = 'b'
print a,b
# (['a',['def',1]],['b',['def',1]]) a[1][1] = 0
print a,b
# (['a',['def',0]],['b',['def',0]])
我们可以看到，当执行a[1][1] = 0时，b[1][1]也跟着变为0。这是因为我们仅仅做了一个浅拷贝，对一个对象进行浅拷贝其实是新创建了一个类型跟原对象一样，它的内容元素是原来对象元素的引用，换句话说，这个拷贝的对象是新的，但他的内容还是原来的。这就是浅拷贝。
但是我们看到a的第一个元素，即字符串被赋值后，并没有影响b的。这是因为在这个对象中，第一个字符串类型是不可变的，第二个列表对象是可变的。正因为如此，当进行浅拷贝时，字符串被显式的拷贝，并创建了一个新的字符串对象，而列表元素只是把它的引用复制了，并不是他的成员。
#改变前
print [id(x) for x in a]
#[29563284,27843874]
print [id(x) for x in b]
#[29563284,27843874] #改变后
print [id(x) for x in a]
#[23464734,27843874]
print [id(x) for x in b]
#[29884656,27843874]
3 深拷贝
根据上面的例子，如果我们想要在改变a时不影响到b,要得到一个完全拷贝或者说深拷贝（一个新的容器对象，包含原有对象元素全新拷贝的引用），就需要copy.deepcopy()函数。
import copy
s = ['abc',['def',1]]
a = copy.deepcopy(s)
b = copy.deepcopy(s)
print [id(x) for x in s,a,b]
#[29278336,29262792,29238576] a[0] = 'a'
b[0] = 'b'
a[1][1] = 0
print a,b
#(['a',['def',0]],['b',['def',1]])
需要注意的是：第一，非容器类型（比如数字、字符串和其他“原子”类型的对象，像代码、类型和xrange对象等）没有拷贝一说，浅拷贝是用完全切片操作来完成的。
第二：如果元组变量只包含原子类型对象，对他的拷贝将不会进行，即使使用深拷贝操作也只能得到一个浅拷贝。