如何在两个有序数组的结合中找到第k个最小的元素?

This is a homework question. They say it takes O(logN + logM) where N and M are the arrays lengths.

这是一个家庭作业的问题。他们说它取O(logN + logM) N和M是数组长度。

Let's name the arrays a and b. Obviously we can ignore all a[i] and b[i] where i > k.
First let's compare a[k/2] and b[k/2]. Let b[k/2] > a[k/2]. Therefore we can discard also all b[i], where i > k/2.

我们把数组a和b命名为a和b，显然我们可以忽略[i]和b[i]，在这里> k。首先我们比较a[k/2]和b[k/2]。让b[k / 2]>[k / 2]。因此，我们也可以抛弃所有的b[i]，其中i > k/2。

Now we have all a[i], where i < k and all b[i], where i < k/2 to find the answer.

现在我们有了所有的[i]，其中i < k和所有b[i]，其中i < k/2，以找到答案。

What is the next step?

下一步是什么?

16 个解决方案

#1

You've got it, just keep going! And be careful with the indexes...

你得到了，继续!注意索引…

To simplify a bit I'll assume that N and M are > k, so the complexity here is O(log k), which is O(log N + log M).

为了简化，我假设N和M是> k，所以这里的复杂度是O(log k)，也就是O(log N + log M)

Pseudo-code:

伪代码:

i = k/2
j = k - i
step = k/4
while step > 0
    if a[i-1] > b[j-1]
        i -= step
        j += step
    else
        i += step
        j -= step
    step /= 2

if a[i-1] > b[j-1]
    return a[i-1]
else
    return b[j-1]

For the demonstration you can use the loop invariant i + j = k, but I won't do all your homework :)

对于演示，你可以使用循环不变量i + j = k，但我不会做所有的作业:)

#2

I hope I am not answering your homework as it has been over a year since this question was asked. Here is a tail recursive solution that will take log(len(a)+len(b)) time.

我希望我没有回答你的作业，因为这个问题已经有一年多了。这里有一个尾部递归的解决方案，它将使用log(len(a)+len(b))时间。

Assumption: The inputs are right. i.e. k is in the range [0, len(a)+len(b)]

假设:输入是正确的。即k在范围内[0,len(a)+len(b)]

Base cases:

基本情况:

• If length of one of the arrays is 0, the answer is kth element of the second array.
• 如果其中一个数组的长度为0，则答案是第二个数组中的第k个元素。

Reduction steps:

减少步骤:

• If mid index of a + mid index of b is less than k
  • If mid element of a is greater than mid element of b, we can ignore the first half of b, adjust k.
  • 如果a的中元素大于b的中元素，我们可以忽略b的前半部分，调整k。
  • else ignore the first half of a, adjust k.
  • 否则忽略a的前半部分，调整k。
• 如果a +中下标b的中值小于k，如果a的中元素大于b的中元素，我们可以忽略b的前半部分，调整k。else忽略a的前半部分，调整k。
• Else if k is less than sum of mid indices of a and b:
  • If mid element of a is greater than mid element of b, we can safely ignore second half of a
  • 如果a的中元素大于b的中元素，我们可以忽略a的下半部分。
  • else we can ignore second half of b
  • 我们可以忽略b的下半部分。
• 如果k小于a和b的中值，如果a的中元素大于b的中元素，我们可以忽略掉第二部分，我们可以忽略b的下半部分。

Code:

代码:

def kthlargest(arr1, arr2, k):
    if len(arr1) == 0:
        return arr2[k]
    elif len(arr2) == 0:
        return arr1[k]

    mida1 = len(arr1)/2
    mida2 = len(arr2)/2
    if mida1+mida2<k:
        if arr1[mida1]>arr2[mida2]:
            return kthlargest(arr1, arr2[mida2+1:], k-mida2-1)
        else:
            return kthlargest(arr1[mida1+1:], arr2, k-mida1-1)
    else:
        if arr1[mida1]>arr2[mida2]:
            return kthlargest(arr1[:mida1], arr2, k)
        else:
            return kthlargest(arr1, arr2[:mida2], k)

Please note that my solution is creating new copies of smaller arrays in every call, this can be easily eliminated by only passing start and end indices on the original arrays.

请注意，我的解决方案是在每个调用中创建更小的数组的新副本，这可以很容易地通过初始数组的开始和结束索引来消除。

#3

Many people answered this "kth smallest element from two sorted array" question, but usually with only general ideas, not a clear working code or boundary conditions analysis.

许多人回答了这个“来自两个有序数组的第k个最小元素”的问题，但通常只有一般的想法，而不是清晰的工作代码或边界条件分析。

Here I'd like to elaborate it carefully with the way I went though to help some novices to understand, with my correct working Java code. A1 and A2 are two sorted ascending arrays, with size1 and size2 as length respectively. We need to find the k-th smallest element from the union of those two arrays. Here we reasonably assume that (k > 0 && k <= size1 + size2), which implies that A1 and A2 can't be both empty.

在这里，我想用我的方法仔细地阐述它，以帮助一些初学者理解，用我正确的工作Java代码。A1和A2是两个排序的提升数组，分别为size1和size2。我们需要从这两个数组的结合中找到k最小的元素。这里我们合理地假设(k > 0 && k <= size1 + size2)，这意味着A1和A2不能都是空的。

First, let's approach this question with a slow O(k) algorithm. The method is to compare the first element of both array, A1[0] and A2[0]. Take the smaller one, say A1[0] away into our pocket. Then compare A1[1] with A2[0], and so on. Repeat this action until our pocket reached k elements. Very important: In the first step, we can only commit to A1[0] in our pocket. We can NOT include or exclude A2[0]!!!

首先，让我们用一个缓慢的O(k)算法来解决这个问题。该方法是比较数组A1[0]和A2[0]的第一个元素。拿小一点的，比方说A1[0]到我们的口袋里。然后比较A1[1]和A2[0]，等等。重复这个动作直到我们的口袋到达k个元素。非常重要:在第一步中，我们只能在口袋里提交A1[0]。我们不能包含或排除A2[0]!!!

The following O(k) code gives you one element before the correct answer. Here I use it to show my idea, and analysis boundary condition. I have correct code after this one:

下面的O(k)代码在正确答案之前给出一个元素。这里我用它来展示我的想法和分析边界条件。在这之后我有正确的代码:

private E kthSmallestSlowWithFault(int k) {
    int size1 = A1.length, size2 = A2.length;

    int index1 = 0, index2 = 0;
    // base case, k == 1
    if (k == 1) {
        if (size1 == 0) {
            return A2[index2];
        } else if (size2 == 0) {
            return A1[index1];
        } else if (A1[index1].compareTo(A2[index2]) < 0) {
            return A1[index1];
        } else {
            return A2[index2];
        }
    }

    /* in the next loop, we always assume there is one next element to compare with, so we can
     * commit to the smaller one. What if the last element is the kth one?
     */
    if (k == size1 + size2) {
        if (size1 == 0) {
            return A2[size2 - 1];
        } else if (size2 == 0) {
            return A1[size1 - 1];
        } else if (A1[size1 - 1].compareTo(A2[size2 - 1]) < 0) {
            return A1[size1 - 1];
        } else {
            return A2[size2 - 1];
        }
    }

    /*
     * only when k > 1, below loop will execute. In each loop, we commit to one element, till we
     * reach (index1 + index2 == k - 1) case. But the answer is not correct, always one element
     * ahead, because we didn't merge base case function into this loop yet.
     */
    int lastElementFromArray = 0;
    while (index1 + index2 < k - 1) {
        if (A1[index1].compareTo(A2[index2]) < 0) {
            index1++;
            lastElementFromArray = 1;
            // commit to one element from array A1, but that element is at (index1 - 1)!!!
        } else {
            index2++;
            lastElementFromArray = 2;
        }
    }
    if (lastElementFromArray == 1) {
        return A1[index1 - 1];
    } else {
        return A2[index2 - 1];
    }
}

The most powerful idea is that in each loop, we always use the base case approach. After committed to the current smallest element, we get one step closer to the target: the k-th smallest element. Never jump into the middle and make yourself confused and lost!

最强大的想法是，在每个循环中，我们总是使用基本的case方法。在提交了当前最小的元素之后，我们又向目标靠近了一步:k最小的元素。千万不要跳到中间，让自己困惑和迷失!

By observing the above code base case k == 1, k == size1+size2, and combine with that A1 and A2 can't both be empty. We can turn the logic into below more concise style.

通过观察上面的代码基本情况k == 1, k == size1+size2，并结合这个A1和A2不能都是空的。我们可以把逻辑变成更简洁的风格。

Here is a slow but correct working code:

这是一个缓慢但正确的工作代码:

private E kthSmallestSlow(int k) {
    // System.out.println("this is an O(k) speed algorithm, very concise");
    int size1 = A1.length, size2 = A2.length;

    int index1 = 0, index2 = 0;
    while (index1 + index2 < k - 1) {
        if (size1 > index1 && (size2 <= index2 || A1[index1].compareTo(A2[index2]) < 0)) {
            index1++; // here we commit to original index1 element, not the increment one!!!
        } else {
            index2++;
        }
    }
    // below is the (index1 + index2 == k - 1) base case
    // also eliminate the risk of referring to an element outside of index boundary
    if (size1 > index1 && (size2 <= index2 || A1[index1].compareTo(A2[index2]) < 0)) {
        return A1[index1];
    } else {
        return A2[index2];
    }
}

Now we can try a faster algorithm runs at O(log k). Similarly, compare A1[k/2] with A2[k/2]; if A1[k/2] is smaller, then all the elements from A1[0] to A1[k/2] should be in our pocket. The idea is to not just commit to one element in each loop; the first step contains k/2 elements. Again, we can NOT include or exclude A2[0] to A2[k/2] anyway. So in the first step, we can't go more than k/2 elements. For the second step, we can't go more than k/4 elements...

现在我们可以尝试一个更快的算法在O(log k)上运行，同样，比较A1[k/2]和A2[k/2];如果A1[k/2]较小，那么从A1[0]到A1[k/2]的所有元素都应该在我们的口袋里。其思想是不只是在每个循环中提交一个元素;第一步包含k/2元素。同样，我们也不能将A2[0]包含到A2[k/2]中。所以在第一步，我们不能超过k/2个元素。第二步，我们不能超过k/4个元素…

After each step, we get much closer to k-th element. At the same time each step get smaller and smaller, until we reach (step == 1), which is (k-1 == index1+index2). Then we can refer to the simple and powerful base case again.

在每一步之后，我们会得到更接近k的元素。与此同时，每一步都变得越来越小，直到我们到达(步骤== 1)，也就是(k-1 == index1+index2)。然后我们再来看看这个简单又强大的基本情况。

Here is the working correct code:

下面是工作正确的代码:

private E kthSmallestFast(int k) {
    // System.out.println("this is an O(log k) speed algorithm with meaningful variables name");
    int size1 = A1.length, size2 = A2.length;

    int index1 = 0, index2 = 0, step = 0;
    while (index1 + index2 < k - 1) {
        step = (k - index1 - index2) / 2;
        int step1 = index1 + step;
        int step2 = index2 + step;
        if (size1 > step1 - 1
                && (size2 <= step2 - 1 || A1[step1 - 1].compareTo(A2[step2 - 1]) < 0)) {
            index1 = step1; // commit to element at index = step1 - 1
        } else {
            index2 = step2;
        }
    }
    // the base case of (index1 + index2 == k - 1)
    if (size1 > index1 && (size2 <= index2 || A1[index1].compareTo(A2[index2]) < 0)) {
        return A1[index1];
    } else {
        return A2[index2];
    }
}

Some people may worry what if (index1+index2) jump over k-1? Could we miss the base case (k-1 == index1+index2)? That's impossible. You can add up 0.5+0.25+0.125..., and you will never go beyond 1.

有些人可能会担心如果(index1+index2)跳过k-1会怎样?我们是否可以忽略基本情况(k-1 == index1+index2)?这是不可能的。你可以加0。5+0。25+0。125…你永远不会超过1。

Of course, it is very easy to turn the above code into recursive algorithm:

当然，将上述代码转换为递归算法非常简单:

private E kthSmallestFastRecur(int k, int index1, int index2, int size1, int size2) {
    // System.out.println("this is an O(log k) speed algorithm with meaningful variables name");

    // the base case of (index1 + index2 == k - 1)
    if (index1 + index2 == k - 1) {
        if (size1 > index1 && (size2 <= index2 || A1[index1].compareTo(A2[index2]) < 0)) {
            return A1[index1];
        } else {
            return A2[index2];
        }
    }

    int step = (k - index1 - index2) / 2;
    int step1 = index1 + step;
    int step2 = index2 + step;
    if (size1 > step1 - 1 && (size2 <= step2 - 1 || A1[step1 - 1].compareTo(A2[step2 - 1]) < 0)) {
        index1 = step1;
    } else {
        index2 = step2;
    }
    return kthSmallestFastRecur(k, index1, index2, size1, size2);
}

Hope the above analysis and Java code could help you to understand. But never copy my code as your homework! Cheers ;)

希望上面的分析和Java代码可以帮助您理解。但是永远不要把我的代码复制成你的作业!干杯,)

#4

Here's a C++ iterative version of @lambdapilgrim's solution (see the explanation of the algorithm there):

这里有一个c++迭代版本的@lambdapilgrim的解决方案(见算法的解释):

#include <cassert>
#include <iterator>

template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type
nsmallest_iter(RandomAccessIterator firsta, RandomAccessIterator lasta,
               RandomAccessIterator firstb, RandomAccessIterator lastb,
               size_t n,
               Compare less) {
  assert(issorted(firsta, lasta, less) && issorted(firstb, lastb, less));
  for ( ; ; ) {
    assert(n < static_cast<size_t>((lasta - firsta) + (lastb - firstb)));
    if (firsta == lasta) return *(firstb + n);
    if (firstb == lastb) return *(firsta + n);

    size_t mida = (lasta - firsta) / 2;
    size_t midb = (lastb - firstb) / 2;
    if ((mida + midb) < n) {
      if (less(*(firstb + midb), *(firsta + mida))) {
        firstb += (midb + 1);
        n -= (midb + 1);
      }
      else {
        firsta += (mida + 1);
        n -= (mida + 1);
      }
    }
    else {
      if (less(*(firstb + midb), *(firsta + mida)))
        lasta = (firsta + mida);
      else
        lastb = (firstb + midb);
    }
  }
}

It works for all 0 <= n < (size(a) + size(b)) indexes and has O(log(size(a)) + log(size(b))) complexity.

它适用于所有0 <= n < (size(a) + size(b))索引，并具有O(log(size(a)) + log(size(b)))复杂度。

Example

#include <functional> // greater<>
#include <iostream>

#define SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(*a))

int main() {
  int a[] = {5,4,3};
  int b[] = {2,1,0};
  int k = 1; // find minimum value, the 1st smallest value in a,b

  int i = k - 1; // convert to zero-based indexing
  int v = nsmallest_iter(a, a + SIZE(a), b, b + SIZE(b),
                         SIZE(a)+SIZE(b)-1-i, std::greater<int>());
  std::cout << v << std::endl; // -> 0
  return v;
}

#5

My attempt for first k numbers, kth number in 2 sorted arrays, and in n sorted arrays:

我对第k个数字的尝试，在2个有序数组中的第k个数字，以及n个排序数组的尝试:

// require() is recognizable by node.js but not by browser;
// for running/debugging in browser, put utils.js and this file in <script> elements,
if (typeof require === "function") require("./utils.js");

// Find K largest numbers in two sorted arrays.
function k_largest(a, b, c, k) {
    var sa = a.length;
    var sb = b.length;
    if (sa + sb < k) return -1;
    var i = 0;
    var j = sa - 1;
    var m = sb - 1;
    while (i < k && j >= 0 && m >= 0) {
        if (a[j] > b[m]) {
            c[i] = a[j];
            i++;
            j--;
        } else {
            c[i] = b[m];
            i++;
            m--;
        }
    }
    debug.log(2, "i: "+ i + ", j: " + j + ", m: " + m);
    if (i === k) {
        return 0;
    } else if (j < 0) {
        while (i < k) {
            c[i++] = b[m--];
        }
    } else {
        while (i < k) c[i++] = a[j--];
    }
    return 0;
}

// find k-th largest or smallest number in 2 sorted arrays.
function kth(a, b, kd, dir){
    sa = a.length; sb = b.length;
    if (kd<1 || sa+sb < kd){
        throw "Mission Impossible! I quit!";
    }

    var k;
    //finding the kd_th largest == finding the smallest k_th;
    if (dir === 1){ k = kd;
    } else if (dir === -1){ k = sa + sb - kd + 1;}
    else throw "Direction has to be 1 (smallest) or -1 (largest).";

    return find_kth(a, b, k, sa-1, 0, sb-1, 0);
}

// find k-th smallest number in 2 sorted arrays;
function find_kth(c, d, k, cmax, cmin, dmax, dmin){

    sc = cmax-cmin+1; sd = dmax-dmin+1; k0 = k; cmin0 = cmin; dmin0 = dmin;
    debug.log(2, "=k: " + k +", sc: " + sc + ", cmax: " + cmax +", cmin: " + cmin + ", sd: " + sd +", dmax: " + dmax + ", dmin: " + dmin);

    c_comp = k0-sc;
    if (c_comp <= 0){
        cmax = cmin0 + k0-1;
    } else {
        dmin = dmin0 + c_comp-1;
        k -= c_comp-1;
    }

    d_comp = k0-sd;
    if (d_comp <= 0){
        dmax = dmin0 + k0-1;
    } else {
        cmin = cmin0 + d_comp-1;
        k -= d_comp-1;
    }
    sc = cmax-cmin+1; sd = dmax-dmin+1;

    debug.log(2, "#k: " + k +", sc: " + sc + ", cmax: " + cmax +", cmin: " + cmin + ", sd: " + sd +", dmax: " + dmax + ", dmin: " + dmin + ", c_comp: " + c_comp + ", d_comp: " + d_comp);

    if (k===1) return (c[cmin]<d[dmin] ? c[cmin] : d[dmin]);
    if (k === sc+sd) return (c[cmax]>d[dmax] ? c[cmax] : d[dmax]);

    m = Math.floor((cmax+cmin)/2);
    n = Math.floor((dmax+dmin)/2);

    debug.log(2, "m: " + m + ", n: "+n+", c[m]: "+c[m]+", d[n]: "+d[n]);

    if (c[m]<d[n]){
        if (m === cmax){ // only 1 element in c;
            return d[dmin+k-1];
        }

        k_next = k-(m-cmin+1);
        return find_kth(c, d, k_next, cmax, m+1, dmax, dmin);
    } else {
        if (n === dmax){
            return c[cmin+k-1];
        }

        k_next = k-(n-dmin+1);
        return find_kth(c, d, k_next, cmax, cmin, dmax, n+1);
    }
}

function traverse_at(a, ae, h, l, k, at, worker, wp){
    var n = ae ? ae.length : 0;
    var get_node;
    switch (at){
        case "k": get_node = function(idx){
                var node = {};
                var pos = l[idx] + Math.floor(k/n) - 1;
                if (pos<l[idx]){ node.pos = l[idx]; }
                else if (pos > h[idx]){ node.pos = h[idx];}
                else{ node.pos = pos; }

                node.idx = idx;
                node.val = a[idx][node.pos];
                debug.log(6, "pos: "+pos+"\nnode =");
                debug.log(6, node);
                return node;
            };
            break;
        case "l": get_node = function(idx){
                debug.log(6, "a["+idx+"][l["+idx+"]]: "+a[idx][l[idx]]);
                return a[idx][l[idx]];
            };
            break;
        case "h": get_node = function(idx){
                debug.log(6, "a["+idx+"][h["+idx+"]]: "+a[idx][h[idx]]);
                return a[idx][h[idx]];
            };
            break;
        case "s": get_node = function(idx){
                debug.log(6, "h["+idx+"]-l["+idx+"]+1: "+(h[idx] - l[idx] + 1));
                return h[idx] - l[idx] + 1;
            };
            break;
        default: get_node = function(){
                debug.log(1, "!!! Exception: get_node() returns null.");
                return null;
            };
            break;
    }

    worker.init();

    debug.log(6, "--* traverse_at() *--");

    var i;
    if (!wp){
        for (i=0; i<n; i++){
            worker.work(get_node(ae[i]));
        }    
    } else {
        for (i=0; i<n; i++){
            worker.work(get_node(ae[i]), wp);
        }
    }

    return worker.getResult();
}

sumKeeper = function(){
    var res = 0;
    return {
        init     : function(){ res = 0;},
        getResult: function(){
                debug.log(5, "@@ sumKeeper.getResult: returning: "+res);
                return res;
            },
        work     : function(node){ if (node!==null) res += node;}
    };
}();

maxPicker = function(){
    var res = null;
    return {
        init     : function(){ res = null;},
        getResult: function(){
                debug.log(5, "@@ maxPicker.getResult: returning: "+res);
                return res;
            },
        work     : function(node){
            if (res === null){ res = node;}
            else if (node!==null && node > res){ res = node;}
        }
    };    
}();

minPicker = function(){
    var res = null;
    return {
        init     : function(){ res = null;},
        getResult: function(){
                debug.log(5, "@@ minPicker.getResult: returning: ");
                debug.log(5, res);
                return res;
            },
        work     : function(node){
            if (res === null && node !== null){ res = node;}
            else if (node!==null &&
                node.val !==undefined &&
                node.val < res.val){ res = node; }
            else if (node!==null && node < res){ res = node;}
        }
    };  
}();

// find k-th smallest number in n sorted arrays;
// need to consider the case where some of the subarrays are taken out of the selection;
function kth_n(a, ae, k, h, l){
    var n = ae.length;
    debug.log(2, "------**  kth_n()  **-------");
    debug.log(2, "n: " +n+", k: " + k);
    debug.log(2, "ae: ["+ae+"],  len: "+ae.length);
    debug.log(2, "h: [" + h + "]");
    debug.log(2, "l: [" + l + "]");

    for (var i=0; i<n; i++){
        if (h[ae[i]]-l[ae[i]]+1>k) h[ae[i]]=l[ae[i]]+k-1;
    }
    debug.log(3, "--after reduction --");
    debug.log(3, "h: [" + h + "]");
    debug.log(3, "l: [" + l + "]");

    if (n === 1)
        return a[ae[0]][k-1]; 
    if (k === 1)
        return traverse_at(a, ae, h, l, k, "l", minPicker);
    if (k === traverse_at(a, ae, h, l, k, "s", sumKeeper))
        return traverse_at(a, ae, h, l, k, "h", maxPicker);

    var kn = traverse_at(a, ae, h, l, k, "k", minPicker);
    debug.log(3, "kn: ");
    debug.log(3, kn);

    var idx = kn.idx;
    debug.log(3, "last: k: "+k+", l["+kn.idx+"]: "+l[idx]);
    k -= kn.pos - l[idx] + 1;
    l[idx] = kn.pos + 1;
    debug.log(3, "next: "+"k: "+k+", l["+kn.idx+"]: "+l[idx]);
    if (h[idx]<l[idx]){ // all elements in a[idx] selected;
        //remove a[idx] from the arrays.
        debug.log(4, "All elements selected in a["+idx+"].");
        debug.log(5, "last ae: ["+ae+"]");
        ae.splice(ae.indexOf(idx), 1);
        h[idx] = l[idx] = "_"; // For display purpose only.
        debug.log(5, "next ae: ["+ae+"]");
    }

    return kth_n(a, ae, k, h, l);
}

function find_kth_in_arrays(a, k){

    if (!a || a.length<1 || k<1) throw "Mission Impossible!";

    var ae=[], h=[], l=[], n=0, s, ts=0;
    for (var i=0; i<a.length; i++){
        s = a[i] && a[i].length;
        if (s>0){
            ae.push(i); h.push(s-1); l.push(0);
            ts+=s;
        }
    }

    if (k>ts) throw "Too few elements to choose from!";

    return kth_n(a, ae, k, h, l);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// tests
// To show everything: use 6.
debug.setLevel(1);

var a = [2, 3, 5, 7, 89, 223, 225, 667];
var b = [323, 555, 655, 673];
//var b = [99];
var c = [];

debug.log(1, "a = (len: " + a.length + ")");
debug.log(1, a);
debug.log(1, "b = (len: " + b.length + ")");
debug.log(1, b);

for (var k=1; k<a.length+b.length+1; k++){
    debug.log(1, "================== k: " + k + "=====================");

    if (k_largest(a, b, c, k) === 0 ){
      debug.log(1, "c = (len: "+c.length+")");
      debug.log(1, c);
    }

    try{
        result = kth(a, b, k, -1);
        debug.log(1, "===== The " + k + "-th largest number: " + result);
    } catch (e) {
        debug.log(0, "Error message from kth(): " + e);
    }
    debug.log("==================================================");
}

debug.log(1, "################# Now for the n sorted arrays ######################");
debug.log(1, "####################################################################");

x = [[1, 3, 5, 7, 9],
     [-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12],
     [8, 20, 33, 212, 310, 311, 623],
     [8],
     [0, 100, 700],
     [300],
     [],
     null];

debug.log(1, "x = (len: "+x.length+")");
debug.log(1, x);

for (var i=0, num=0; i<x.length; i++){
    if (x[i]!== null) num += x[i].length;
}
debug.log(1, "totoal number of elements: "+num);

// to test k in specific ranges:
var start = 0, end = 25;
for (k=start; k<end; k++){
    debug.log(1, "=========================== k: " + k + "===========================");

    try{
        result = find_kth_in_arrays(x, k);
        debug.log(1, "====== The " + k + "-th smallest number: " + result);
    } catch (e) {
        debug.log(1, "Error message from find_kth_in_arrays: " + e);
    }
    debug.log(1, "=================================================================");
}
debug.log(1, "x = (len: "+x.length+")");
debug.log(1, x);
debug.log(1, "totoal number of elements: "+num);

The complete code with debug utils can be found at: https://github.com/brainclone/teasers/tree/master/kth

使用调试utils的完整代码可以在:https://github.com/brainclone/teasers/tree/master/kth中找到。

#6

Here's my code based on Jules Olleon's solution:

我的代码基于Jules Olleon的解决方案:

int getNth(vector<int>& v1, vector<int>& v2, int n)
{
    int step = n / 4;

    int i1 = n / 2;
    int i2 = n - i1;

    while(!(v2[i2] >= v1[i1 - 1] && v1[i1] > v2[i2 - 1]))
    {                   
        if (v1[i1 - 1] >= v2[i2 - 1])
        {
            i1 -= step;
            i2 += step;
        }
        else
        {
            i1 += step;
            i2 -= step;
        }

        step /= 2;
        if (!step) step = 1;
    }

    if (v1[i1 - 1] >= v2[i2 - 1])
        return v1[i1 - 1];
    else
        return v2[i2 - 1];
}

int main()  
{  
    int a1[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    int a2[] = {4,6,8,10,12};

    //int a1[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    //int a2[] = {4,6,8,10,12};

    //int a1[] = {1,7,9,10,30};
    //int a2[] = {3,5,8,11};
    vector<int> v1(a1, a1+9);
    vector<int> v2(a2, a2+5);


    cout << getNth(v1, v2, 5);
    return 0;  
}  

#7

Here is my implementation in C, you can refer to @Jules Olléon 's explains for the algorithm: the idea behind the algorithm is that we maintain i + j = k, and find such i and j so that a[i-1] < b[j-1] < a[i] (or the other way round). Now since there are i elements in 'a' smaller than b[j-1], and j-1 elements in 'b' smaller than b[j-1], b[j-1] is the i + j-1 + 1 = kth smallest element. To find such i,j the algorithm does a dichotomic search on the arrays.

这里是我在C的实现，你可以参考@Jules Olleon的解释算法:算法背后的想法是我们保持i + j = k，然后找到这样的i和j，这样a[i-1] < b[j-1] < a[i](或相反)。现在，由于i元素在'a'小于b[j-1]，而j-1元素在'b'小于b[j-1]， b[j-1]是i + j-1 + 1 = kth最小元素。为了找到这样的i,j算法在数组上进行二分查找。

int find_k(int A[], int m, int B[], int n, int k) {
   if (m <= 0 )return B[k-1];
   else if (n <= 0) return A[k-1];
   int i =  ( m/double (m + n))  * (k-1);
   if (i < m-1 && i<k-1) ++i;
   int j = k - 1 - i;

   int Ai_1 = (i > 0) ? A[i-1] : INT_MIN, Ai = (i<m)?A[i]:INT_MAX;
   int Bj_1 = (j > 0) ? B[j-1] : INT_MIN, Bj = (j<n)?B[j]:INT_MAX;
   if (Ai >= Bj_1 && Ai <= Bj) {
       return Ai;
   } else if (Bj >= Ai_1 && Bj <= Ai) {
       return Bj;
   }
   if (Ai < Bj_1) { // the answer can't be within A[0,...,i]
       return find_k(A+i+1, m-i-1, B, n, j);
   } else { // the answer can't be within A[0,...,i]
       return find_k(A, m, B+j+1, n-j-1, i);
   }
 }

#8

Here's my solution. The C++ code prints the kth smallest value as well as the number of iterations to get the kth smallest value using a loop, which in my opinion is in the order of log(k). The code however requires k to be smaller than the length of the first array which is a limitation.

这是我的解决方案。c++代码打印第k个最小值，以及通过循环获得第k个最小值的次数，在我看来，这个循环的顺序是log(k)。然而，代码要求k小于第一个数组的长度，这是一个限制。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;

template<typename comparable>
comparable kthSmallest(vector<comparable> & a, vector<comparable> & b, int k){

int idx1; // Index in the first array a
int idx2; // Index in the second array b
comparable maxVal, minValPlus;
float iter = k;
int numIterations = 0;

if(k > a.size()){ // Checks if k is larger than the size of first array
    cout << " k is larger than the first array" << endl;
    return -1;
}
else{ // If all conditions are satisfied, initialize the indexes
    idx1 = k - 1;
    idx2 = -1;
}

for ( ; ; ){
    numIterations ++;
    if(idx2 == -1 || b[idx2] <= a[idx1] ){
        maxVal = a[idx1];
        minValPlus = b[idx2 + 1];
        idx1 = idx1 - ceil(iter/2); // Binary search
        idx2 = k - idx1 - 2; // Ensures sum of indices  = k - 2
    }
    else{
        maxVal = b[idx2];
        minValPlus = a[idx1 + 1];
        idx2 = idx2 - ceil(iter/2); // Binary search
        idx1 = k - idx2 - 2; // Ensures sum of indices  = k - 2
    }
    if(minValPlus >= maxVal){ // Check if kth smallest value has been found
        cout << "The number of iterations to find the " << k << "(th) smallest value is    " << numIterations << endl;
        return maxVal;

    }
    else
        iter/=2; // Reduce search space of binary search
   }
}

int main(){
//Test Cases
    vector<int> a = {2, 4, 9, 15, 22, 34, 45, 55, 62, 67, 78, 85};
    vector<int> b = {1, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 20, 56, 67, 89};
    // Input k < a.size()
    int kthSmallestVal;
    for (int k = 1; k <= a.size() ; k++){
        kthSmallestVal = kthSmallest<int>( a ,b ,k );
        cout << k <<" (th) smallest Value is " << kthSmallestVal << endl << endl << endl;
    }
}

#9

Check this code.

检查该代码。

import math
def findkthsmallest():

    A=[1,5,10,22,30,35,75,125,150,175,200]
    B=[15,16,20,22,25,30,100,155,160,170]
    lM=0
    lN=0
    hM=len(A)-1
    hN=len(B)-1
    k=17

    while True:
        if k==1:
            return min(A[lM],B[lN])


        cM=hM-lM+1
        cN=hN-lN+1
        tmp = cM/float(cM+cN)
        iM=int(math.ceil(tmp*k))
        iN=k-iM
        iM=lM+iM-1
        iN=lN+iN-1
        if A[iM] >= B[iN]:
            if iN == hN or A[iM] < B[iN+1]:
                return A[iM]
            else:
                k = k - (iN-lN+1)
                lN=iN+1
                hM=iM-1
        if B[iN] >= A[iM]:
            if iM == hM or B[iN] < A[iM+1]:
                return B[iN]
            else:
                k = k - (iM-lM+1)
                lM=iM+1
                hN=iN-1
        if hM < lM:
            return B[lN+k-1]
        if hN < lN:
            return A[lM+k-1]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print findkthsmallest();

#10

The first pseudo code provided above, does not work for many values. For example, here are two arrays. int[] a = { 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19 }; int[] b = { 4, 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 20, 24, 26 };

上面提供的第一个伪代码对许多值都不起作用。例如，这里有两个数组。int[] 1、5、6、8、9、11、15、17、19};int[] b ={4、7、8、13、15、18、20、24、26};

It did not work for k=3 and k=9 in it. I have another solution. It is given below.

它在k=3和k=9时不起作用。我有另一个解决方案。下面给出。

private static void traverse(int pt, int len) {
int temp = 0;

if (len == 1) {
    int val = 0;
    while (k - (pt + 1) - 1 > -1 && M[pt] < N[k - (pt + 1) - 1]) {

    if (val == 0)
        val = M[pt] < N[k - (pt + 1) - 1] ? N[k - (pt + 1) - 1]
            : M[pt];
    else {
        int t = M[pt] < N[k - (pt + 1) - 1] ? N[k - (pt + 1) - 1]
            : M[pt];
        val = val < t ? val : t;

    }

    ++pt;
    }

    if (val == 0)
    val = M[pt] < N[k - (pt + 1) - 1] ? N[k - (pt + 1) - 1] : M[pt];

    System.out.println(val);
    return;
}

temp = len / 2;

if (M[pt + temp - 1] < N[k - (pt + temp) - 1]) {
    traverse(pt + temp, temp);

} else {
    traverse(pt, temp);
}

}

But... it is also not working for k=5. There is this even/odd catch of k which is not letting it to be simple.

但是…它也不适合k=5。这里有一个偶数/奇数的k，它不会让它变得简单。

#11

public class KthSmallestInSortedArray {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a1[] = {2, 3, 10, 11, 43, 56},
                a2[] = {120, 13, 14, 24, 34, 36},
                k = 4;

        System.out.println(findKthElement(a1, a2, k));

    }

    private static int findKthElement(int a1[], int a2[], int k) {

        /** Checking k must less than sum of length of both array **/
        if (a1.length + a2.length < k) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        /** K must be greater than zero **/
        if (k <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        /**
         * Finding begin, l and end such that
         * begin <= l < end
         * a1[0].....a1[l-1] and
         * a2[0]....a2[k-l-1] are the smallest k numbers
         */
        int begin = Math.max(0, k - a2.length);
        int end = Math.min(a1.length, k);

        while (begin < end) {
            int l = begin + (end - begin) / 2;

            /** Can we include a1[l] in the k smallest numbers */
            if ((l < a1.length) &&
                    (k - l > 0) &&
                    (a1[l] < a2[k - l - 1])) {

                begin = l + 1;

            } else if ((l > 0) &&
                    (k - l < a2.length) &&
                    (a1[l - 1] > a2[k - 1])) {

                /**
                 * This is the case where we can discard
                 * a[l-1] from the set of k smallest numbers
                 */
                end = l;

            } else {

                /**
                 * We found our answer since both inequalities were
                 * false
                 */
                begin = l;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (begin == 0) {
            return a2[k - 1];
        } else if (begin == k) {
            return a1[k - 1];
        } else {
            return Math.max(a1[begin - 1], a2[k - begin - 1]);
        }
    }
}

#12

Here is mine solution in java . Will try to further optimize it

这是java的解决方案。会尝试进一步优化它吗?

  public class FindKLargestTwoSortedArray {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr1 = { 10, 20, 40, 80 };
        int[] arr2 = { 15, 35, 50, 75 };

    FindKLargestTwoSortedArray(arr1, 0, arr1.length - 1, arr2, 0,
            arr2.length - 1, 6);
    }


    public static void FindKLargestTwoSortedArray(int[] arr1, int start1,
            int end1, int[] arr2, int start2, int end2, int k) {

        if ((start1 <= end1 && start1 >= 0 && end1 < arr1.length)
                && (start2 <= end2 && start2 >= 0 && end2 < arr2.length)) {

            int midIndex1 = (start1 + (k - 1) / 2);
            midIndex1 = midIndex1 >= arr1.length ? arr1.length - 1 : midIndex1;
            int midIndex2 = (start2 + (k - 1) / 2);
            midIndex2 = midIndex2 >= arr2.length ? arr2.length - 1 : midIndex2;


            if (arr1[midIndex1] == arr2[midIndex2]) {
                System.out.println("element is " + arr1[midIndex1]);
            } else if (arr1[midIndex1] < arr2[midIndex2]) {

                if (k == 1) {
                    System.out.println("element is " + arr1[midIndex1]);
                    return;
                } else if (k == 2) {
                    System.out.println("element is " + arr2[midIndex2]);
                    return;
                }else if (midIndex1 == arr1.length-1 || midIndex2 == arr2.length-1 ) {
                    if(k==(arr1.length+arr2.length)){
                    System.out.println("element is " + arr2[midIndex2]);
                    return;
                    }else if(k==(arr1.length+arr2.length)-1){
                        System.out.println("element is " + arr1[midIndex1]);
                        return;
                    }

                }

                int remainingElementToSearch = k - (midIndex1-start1);
                FindKLargestTwoSortedArray(
                        arr1,
                        midIndex1,
                        (midIndex1 + remainingElementToSearch) >= arr1.length ? arr1.length-1
                                : (midIndex1 + remainingElementToSearch), arr2,
                        start2, midIndex2, remainingElementToSearch);

            } else if (arr1[midIndex1] > arr2[midIndex2]) {
                FindKLargestTwoSortedArray(arr2, start2, end2, arr1, start1,
                        end1, k);
            }

        } else {
            return;
        }

    }
}

This is inspired from Algo at wonderful youtube video

这是来自Algo在youtube视频上的灵感。

#13

Link to code complexity (log(n)+log(m))

链接到代码复杂性(log(n)+log(m))

Link to Code (log(n)*log(m))

链接到代码(log(n)*日志(m))

Implementation of (log(n)+log(m)) solution

实施(log(n)+日志(m))的解决方案

I would like to add my explanation to the problem. This is a classic problem where we have to use the fact that the two arrays are sorted . we have been given two sorted arrays arr1 of size sz1 and arr2 of size sz2

我想在这个问题上加上我的解释。这是一个经典的问题，我们必须使用这两个数组被排序的事实。我们已经得到了两个排序数组arr1大小的sz1和arr2大小的sz2。

a)Lets suppose if

让我们假设如果

Checking If k is valid

检查k是否有效。

k is > (sz1+sz2)

k >(sz1 + sz2)

then we cannot find kth smallest element in union of both sorted arrays ryt So return Invalid data. b)Now if above condition holds false and we have valid and feasible value of k,

然后，我们不能在两个排序的数组中找到第k个最小的元素，因此返回无效的数据。b)如果以上条件为假，我们有有效且可行的k值，

Managing Edge Cases

管理边界情况

We will append both the arrays by -infinity values at front and +infinity values at end to cover the edge cases of k = 1,2 and k = (sz1+sz2-1),(sz1+sz2)etc.

我们将在前面加上-∞值，并在末尾加上+∞值，以覆盖k = 1、2和k = (sz1+sz2)、(sz1+sz2)等边界情况。

Now both the arrays have size (sz1+2) and (sz2+2) respectively

现在，两个数组都有大小(sz1+2)和(sz2+2)。

Main Algorithm

主要算法

Now,we will do binary search on arr1 .We will do binary search on arr1 looking for an index i , startIndex <= i <= endIndex

现在，我们将对arr1进行二分查找。我们将在arr1上进行二分查找，寻找索引i, startIndex <= i <= endIndex。

such that if we find corresponding index j in arr2 using constraint {(i+j) = k},then if

这样，如果我们在arr2中找到对应的索引j，使用约束{(i+j) = k}，那么如果。

if (arr2[j-1] < arr1[i] < arr2[j]),then arr1[i] is the kth smallest (Case 1)

如果(arr2[j-1] < arr1[i] < arr2[j])，那么arr1[i]是最小的(Case 1)

else if (arr1[i-1] < arr2[j] < arr1[i]) ,then arr2[i] is the kth smallest (Case 2)

else if (arr1[i-1] < arr2[j] < arr1[i])，则arr2[i]是第k最小(Case 2)

else signifies either arr1[i] < arr2[j-1] < arr2[j] (Case3)

其他表示arr1[i] < arr2[j-1] < arr2[j] (Case3)

or arr2[j-1] < arr2[j] < arr1[i] (Case4)

或arr2[j-1] < arr2[j] < arr1[i] (Case4)

Since we know that the kth smallest element has (k-1) elements smaller than it in union of both the arrays ryt? So,

因为我们知道第k个最小的元素有(k-1)个元素小于它在两个数组里的结合?所以,

In Case1, what we did , we ensured that there are a total of (k-1) smaller elements to arr1[i] because elements smaller than arr1[i] in arr1 array are i-1 in number than we know (arr2[j-1] < arr1[i] < arr2[j]) and number of elements smaller than arr1[i] in arr2 is j-1 because j is found using (i-1)+(j-1) = (k-1) So kth smallest element will be arr1[i]

Case1,我们所做的,我们确保有总(k - 1)较小的元素arr1[我]因为元素小于arr1[我]张arr1数组的人数比我们知道(arr2[j - 1]< arr1[我]< arr2[j])和元素的数量小于arr1[我]在arr2 j - 1,因为被发现使用(张)+(j - 1)=(k - 1)k小的元素将arr1[我]

But answer may not always come from the first array ie arr1 so we checked for case2 which also satisfies similarly like case 1 because (i-1)+(j-1) = (k-1) . Now if we have (arr1[i-1] < arr2[j] < arr1[i]) we have a total of k-1 elements smaller than arr2[j] in union of both the arrays so its the kth smallest element.

但是答案可能并不总是来自第一个数组，即arr1，所以我们检查了case2，它也满足类似情形1的情况，因为(i-1)+(j-1) = (k-1)。现在，如果我们有(arr1[i-1] < arr2[j] < arr1[i])，我们有一个k-1元素小于arr2[j]在两个数组的联合中，所以它是第k个最小的元素。

In case3 , to form it to any of case 1 or case 2, we need to increment i and j will be found according using constraint {(i+j) = k} ie in binary search move to right part ie make startIndex = middleIndex

在case3中，为了将其生成到任何一个case 1或case 2中，我们需要增加i和j，在二进制搜索中，使用约束{(i+j) = k}，将i和j进行到右侧，使startIndex = middleIndex。

In case4, to form it to any of case 1 or case 2, we need to decrement i and j will be found according using constraint {(i+j) = k} ie in binary search move to left part ie make endIndex = middleIndex.

在case4中，为了将其形成到任何一个case 1或case 2中，我们需要递减i和j，根据约束{(i+j) = k}，在二进制搜索中移动到左边的ie make endIndex = middleIndex。

Now how to decide startIndex and endIndex at beginning of binary search over arr1 with startindex = 1 and endIndex = ??.We need to decide.

现在，如何用startIndex = 1和endIndex = ??来决定在arr1上的startIndex和endIndex的起始值。我们需要决定。

If k > sz1,endIndex = (sz1+1) , else endIndex = k;

如果k > sz1,endIndex = (sz1+1)， else endIndex = k;

Because if k is greater than the size of the first array we may have to do binary search over the entire array arr1 else we only need to take first k elements of it because sz1-k elements can never contribute in calculating kth smallest.

因为如果k大于第一个数组的大小我们可能需要对整个数组arr1进行二分查找我们只需要取它的第k个元素因为sz1-k元素在计算第k个最小值时不会有贡献。

CODE Shown Below

代码如下所示

// Complexity    O(log(n)+log(m))

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define f(i,x,y) for(int i = (x);i < (y);++i)
#define F(i,x,y) for(int i = (x);i > (y);--i)
int max(int a,int b){return (a > b?a:b);}
int min(int a,int b){return (a < b?a:b);}
int mod(int a){return (a > 0?a:((-1)*(a)));}
#define INF 1000000




int func(int *arr1,int *arr2,int sz1,int sz2,int k)

{

if((k <= (sz1+sz2))&&(k > 0))

{
int s = 1,e,i,j;
if(k > sz1)e = sz1+1;
else e = k;
while((e-s)>1)
{
  i = (e+s)/2;
  j = ((k-1)-(i-1)); 
  j++;
  if(j > (sz2+1)){s = i;}
  else if((arr1[i] >= arr2[j-1])&&(arr1[i] <= arr2[j]))return arr1[i];
  else if((arr2[j] >= arr1[i-1])&&(arr2[j] <= arr1[i]))return arr2[j];
  else if(arr1[i] < arr2[j-1]){s = i;}
  else if(arr1[i] > arr2[j]){e = i;}
  else {;}
}
i = e,j = ((k-1)-(i-1));j++;
if((arr1[i] >= arr2[j-1])&&(arr1[i] <= arr2[j]))return arr1[i];
else if((arr2[j] >= arr1[i-1])&&(arr2[j] <= arr1[i]))return arr2[j];
else
{
  i = s,j = ((k-1)-(i-1));j++;
  if((arr1[i] >= arr2[j-1])&&(arr1[i] <= arr2[j]))return arr1[i];
  else return arr2[j];
}

  }

 else

{
cout << "Data Invalid" << endl;
return -INF;

}

}





int main()

{
int n,m,k;
cin >> n >> m >> k;
int arr1[n+2];
int arr2[m+2];
f(i,1,n+1)
cin >> arr1[i];
f(i,1,m+1)
cin >> arr2[i];
arr1[0] = -INF;
arr2[0] = -INF;
  arr1[n+1] = +INF;  
arr2[m+1] = +INF; 
int val = func(arr1,arr2,n,m,k);
if(val != -INF)cout << val << endl;   
return 0;

}

For Solution of complexity (log(n)*log(m))

求解复杂度(log(n)*log(m))

Just i missed using advantage of the fact that for each i the j can be found using constraint {(i-1)+(j-1)=(k-1)} So for each i i was further applying binary search on second array to find j such that arr2[j] <= arr1[i].So this solution can be optimized further

只是我没有利用这个事实，因为对于每个i, j都可以使用约束{(i-1)+(j-1)=(k-1)}，因此，对于每一个i，我都进一步在第二个数组中应用二进制搜索来查找j，这样arr2[j] <= arr1[i]。所以这个解可以进一步优化。

#14

Basically, via this approach you can discard k/2 elements at each step. The K will recursively change from k => k/2 => k/4 => ... till it reaches 1. So, Time Complexity is O(logk)

基本上，通过这种方法，您可以在每个步骤中抛弃k/2元素。K会递归地从K => K /2 => K /4 =>…直到它达到1。时间复杂度是O(logk)

At k=1 , we get the lowest of the two arrays.

在k=1时，我们得到了两个数组中最低的一个。

The following code is in JAVA. Please note that the we are subtracting 1 (-1) in the code from the indices because Java array's index starts from 0 and not 1, eg. k=3 is represented by the element in 2nd index of an array.

下面的代码是用JAVA编写的。请注意，我们在索引中的代码中减去了1(-1)，因为Java数组的索引是从0开始的，而不是1。k=3由数组的第2个索引中的元素表示。

private int kthElement(int[] arr1, int[] arr2, int k) {
        if (k < 1 || k > (arr1.length + arr2.length))
            return -1;
        return helper(arr1, 0, arr1.length - 1, arr2, 0, arr2.length - 1, k);
    }


private int helper(int[] arr1, int low1, int high1, int[] arr2, int low2, int high2, int k) {
    if (low1 > high1) {
        return arr2[low2 + k - 1];
    } else if (low2 > high2) {
        return arr1[low1 + k - 1];
    }
    if (k == 1) {
        return Math.min(arr1[low1], arr2[low2]);
    }
    int i = Math.min(low1 + k / 2, high1 + 1);
    int j = Math.min(low2 + k / 2, high2 + 1);
    if (arr1[i - 1] > arr2[j - 1]) {
        return helper(arr1, low1, high1, arr2, j, high2, k - (j - low2));
    } else {
        return helper(arr1, i, high1, arr2, low2, high2, k - (i - low1));
    }
}

#15

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int findKthElement(int a[],int start1,int end1,int b[],int start2,int end2,int k){

    if(start1 >= end1)return b[start2+k-1];
    if(start2 >= end2)return a[start1+k-1];
    if(k==1)return min(a[start1],b[start2]);
    int aMax = INT_MAX;
    int bMax = INT_MAX;
    if(start1+k/2-1 < end1) aMax = a[start1 + k/2 - 1];
    if(start2+k/2-1 < end2) bMax = b[start2 + k/2 - 1];

    if(aMax > bMax){
        return findKthElement(a,start1,end1,b,start2+k/2,end2,k-k/2);
    }
    else{
        return findKthElement(a,start1 + k/2,end1,b,start2,end2,k-k/2);
    }
}

int main(void){
    int t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--){
        int n,m,k;
        cout<<"Enter the size of 1st Array"<<endl;
        cin>>n;
        int arr[n];
        cout<<"Enter the Element of 1st Array"<<endl;
        for(int i = 0;i<n;i++){
            cin>>arr[i];
        }
        cout<<"Enter the size of 2nd Array"<<endl;
        cin>>m;
        int arr1[m];
        cout<<"Enter the Element of 2nd Array"<<endl;
        for(int i = 0;i<m;i++){
            cin>>arr1[i];
        }
        cout<<"Enter The Value of K";
        cin>>k;
        sort(arr,arr+n);
        sort(arr1,arr1+m);
        cout<<findKthElement(arr,0,n,arr1,0,m,k)<<endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

Time Complexcity is O(log(min(n,m)))

时间Complexcity O(log(min(n,m)))

#16

Below C# code to Find the k-th Smallest Element in the Union of Two Sorted Arrays. Time Complexity : O(logk)

在c#代码下面，找到两个排序数组中的k-th最小元素。时间复杂度:O(logk)

        public static int findKthSmallestElement1(int[] A, int startA, int endA, int[] B, int startB, int endB, int k)
        {
            int n = endA - startA;
            int m = endB - startB;

            if (n <= 0)
                return B[startB + k - 1];
            if (m <= 0)
                return A[startA + k - 1];
            if (k == 1)
                return A[startA] < B[startB] ? A[startA] : B[startB];

            int midA = (startA + endA) / 2;
            int midB = (startB + endB) / 2;

            if (A[midA] <= B[midB])
            {
                if (n / 2 + m / 2 + 1 >= k)
                    return findKthSmallestElement1(A, startA, endA, B, startB, midB, k);
                else
                    return findKthSmallestElement1(A, midA + 1, endA, B, startB, endB, k - n / 2 - 1);
            }
            else
            {
                if (n / 2 + m / 2 + 1 >= k)
                    return findKthSmallestElement1(A, startA, midA, B, startB, endB, k);
                else
                    return findKthSmallestElement1(A, startA, endA, B, midB + 1, endB, k - m / 2 - 1);

            }
        }