Nginx + PHP (FastCGI)搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器

时间:2021-11-30 13:48:52

  在高并发连接的情况下,Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果, Nginx 0.5.33 + PHP 5.2.5 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数,相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍

  根据我的经验,4GB内存的服务器+Apache(prefork模式)一般只能处理3000个并发连接,因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存,还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器,因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000,当Apache并发连接数达到3800时,导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。

  而这台 Nginx 0.5.33 + PHP 5.2.5 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存(15M*10=150M),开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存(20M*64=1280M),加上系统自身消耗的内存,总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小,完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程,这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。

  在3万并发连接下,访问Nginx 0.5.33 + PHP 5.2.5 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序,仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面,显示的活动连接数为28457(关于Nginx的监控页配置,会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明):

   Nginx + PHP (FastCGI)搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器

  以下为 Nginx 0.5.33 + PHP 5.2.5 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程和64个php-cgi进程时的系统负载情况:

   Nginx + PHP (FastCGI)搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器



  安装步骤:
  (系统要求:Linux 2.6+ 内核,本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 4.4)

  一、获取相关开源程序:
  1、下载程序源码包到当前目录:
  本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2007年11月25日的最新稳定版。我将它们打了两个压缩包。

  第一个压缩包:nginx-php-1.zip
  下载地址: http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/cgi-bin/fileid.cgi?fileid=2746375

  第二个压缩包:nginx-php-2.zip
  下载地址: http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/cgi-bin/fileid.cgi?fileid=2746370

  附:各开源软件单独下载地址(如果下载了以上两个压缩包,则无需下载以下软件):
   http://down.s135.com/linux/nginx-php/  (登录用户名、密码均为blog.s135.com)

  2、解压缩:
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
unzip nginx-php-1.zip
unzip nginx-php-2.zip
cd /data0/software/nginx-php



  二、安装PHP 5.2.5(FastCGI模式)
  1、编译安装PHP 5.2.5所需的支持库:
tar zxvf libiconv-1.11.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.11/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf freetype-2.3.5.tar.gz
cd freetype-2.3.5/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf libpng-1.2.20.tar.gz
cd libpng-1.2.20/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz
cd jpeg-6b/
./configure --enable-static --enable-shared
make
make install
make install-lib
cd ../

#----If your system was install libxml2, you do not need to install it.----
#tar zxvf libxml2-2.6.30.tar.gz
#cd libxml2-2.6.30/
#./configure
#make
#install
#cd ../

tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz 
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../

tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

cp /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.* /usr/lib 
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2

tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.6.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.6/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../



  2、编译安装MySQL 5.0.45
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.0.45.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.0.45
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --without-debug --with-unix-socket-path=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=gbk,gb2312,utf8 --with-pthread --enable-thread-safe-client
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf
cd ../



  附:以下为附加步骤,如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库,则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库,能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库,那么,以下两步无需执行。
  ①、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表:
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql --pid-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.pid --skip-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock


  ②、启动MySQL(最后的&表示在后台运行)
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &



  3、编译安装PHP(FastCGI模式)
tar zxvf php-5.2.5.tar.gz
cd php-5.2.5/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir --enable-xml --disable-debug --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt
sed -i 's#-lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lcrypt#& -liconv#' Makefile
make
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../



  4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.1.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.1/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

cd php-5.2.5/ext/gd/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-ttf --with-freetype-dir --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../../../


  5、修改php.ini文件
   手工修改: 查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
  修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
  并在此行后增加以下几行,然后保存:
  extension = "memcache.so"
  extension = "gd.so"

   自动修改: 若嫌手工修改麻烦,可执行以下shell命令,自动完成对php.ini文件的修改:
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "gd.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini



  6、创建www用户和组,以及其使用的目录:
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/vshare/htdocs
chmod +w /data0/vshare/htdocs
chown -R www:www /data0/vshare/htdocs


  7、安装lighttpd中附带的spawn-fcgi,用来启动php-cgi
  注:压缩包中的spawn-fcgi程序为已经编译成二进制的版本。
cp spawn-fcgi /usr/local/webserver/php/bin
chmod +x /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi


  8、启动php-cgi进程,监听127.0.0.1的10080端口,进程数为64(如果服务器内存小于3GB,可以只开启25个进程),用户为www:
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 10080 -C 64 -u www -f /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-cgi



  三、安装Nginx 0.5.33
  1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库:
tar zxvf pcre-7.2.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.2/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../


  2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.5.33.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.5.33/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module
make && make install
cd ../


  3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs


  4、创建Nginx配置文件
  ①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件:
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

  输入以下内容:
引用
user  www www;

worker_processes 10;

error_log  /data1/logs/nginx_error.log  crit;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process. 
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;

events 
{
       use epoll;

       worker_connections 51200;
}

http 
{
       include       conf/mime.types;
       default_type  application/octet-stream;

       charset  gb2312;
       
       server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
       
       #sendfile on;
       #tcp_nopush     on;

       keepalive_timeout 60;

       tcp_nodelay on;

       gzip on;
       gzip_min_length  1k;
       gzip_buffers     4 8k;
       gzip_http_version 1.1; 
       gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/html application/xml;

       server
       {
               listen       80;
               server_name  blog.s135.com;
               index index.html index.htm index.php;
               root  /data0/vshare/htdocs;

               if (-d $request_filename)
               {
                      rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$  http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;
               }
                              
               location ~ .*\.php?$
               {
                    include conf/fcgi.conf;      
                    fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:10080;
                    fastcgi_index index.php;
               }

               log_format  access  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                                     '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                                     '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
               access_log  /data1/logs/access.log  access;
       }

       server
       {
               listen  80;
               server_name  status.blog.s135.com;

               location / {
                    stub_status on;
                    access_log   off;
               }
       } 
}


  ②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件:
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf

  输入以下内容:
引用
fastcgi_param  GATEWAY_INTERFACE  CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;

fastcgi_param  QUERY_STRING       $query_string;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;

fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param  REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param  REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PORT        $server_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_NAME        $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
#fastcgi_param  REDIRECT_STATUS    200;


  5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf



  四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local

  在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 10080 -C 64 -u www -f /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-cgi
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf



  五、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf

  在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000    65000


  使配置立即生效:
/sbin/sysctl -p



  六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置
  (1)、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后,请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确:
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t

  如果屏幕显示以下两行信息,说明配置文件正确:
   the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
  the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully


  (2)、这时,输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号:
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'

  屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号,例如:
   6302
  这时,执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效:
kill -HUP 6302





  (全文完)