1.关于所有者、群组和其他人
在Linux系统中,每个文件都具有User、Group和Others三种身份的权限配置。那这三种身份分别表示什么意思呢?配置这三种身份的权限有啥意义呢?
(1)文件所有者(User)
由于Linux系统支持多人多任务,因此常常存在多个用户同时使用一个Linux系统的情况。那么,如何确认每个用户私密文件的访问控制呢?这就是文件所有者存在的原因。
Linux系统为每个用户提供一个用户主目录,用户的主目录为/home/<username>。例如,下图的/home/lienhua34是我的主目录,该目录下只有我能够添加文件和删除文件,其他人可以浏览,但是能不能查看我的文件内容就依具体的文件权限了。
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" alt="" />
每个Linux用户创建的文件的所有者都是自己。如果我有一个私密的文件,我当然不希望别人能够看到,于是我就这个文件放到我的主目录下,然后将文件的权限设置成只有文件所有者(即我自己)能够查看和修改。就算其他用户知道我有这个文件,但他还是不能查看、修改和删除。
(2)群组(Group)
试想这样子一个场景:你在一个团队中,团队中的每个成员都在同一台Linux机器上进行工作,该Linux机器的某个目录下存放你们团队的工作文档,团队中的每个成员都应该对这份文件具有查看和修改操作,同时又不希望这台机器上该团队之外的用户具有访问权限,那我们如何实现这种权限控制呢?这就需要用到群组的概念。
我们可以在Linux系统中为该团队建立一个群组,将该团队的所有成员添加到该群组中。然后将属于这个团队的文件所属群组设置为该群组,然后将文件的群组权限设置为可读写,于是该群组所有成员便都可以查看和修改,而不属于该群组的用户便没有这个权限。
(3)其他人(Others)
不属于文件所有者或文件所属群组成员的用户,便都是其他人。
当然,有个比较特殊的超级用户,即root。该用户可以访问Linux机器上的所有文件。
更详细的介绍可以参考鸟哥Linux私房菜:使用者和群组
2.修改所有者和群组
我们通过ls -l可以查看文件的属性,如下图所示,
aaarticlea/png;base64,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" alt="" />
其中,第3和第4列分别表示文件的所有者(lienhua34)和所属群组(lienhua34)。我们可以通过chown和chgrp分别来修改文件的所有者和所属群组。
(1)修改文件所属群组chgrp
chgrp即为change group的缩写。命令chgrp的用法如下,
chgrp [-R] GROUP FILE
要修改的群组名GROUP必须是一个已存在的群组,其中-R选项是否递归修改目录下的所有文件和子目录的所属群组。例如,下面修改了文件filea的所属群组为root,
lienhua34@test$ sudo chgrp root filea
[sudo] password for lienhua34:
lienhua34@test$ ls -l
total
-rw-r--r-- lienhua34 root Dec : filea
drwxr-xr-x lienhua34 lienhua34 Dec : subdir
lienhua34@test$
(2)修改文件所有者chown
chown即为change owner的缩写。命令chown的简单用法如下所示,
chown [-R] OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE
命令chown除了能够修改文件所有者,也能够同时修改文件的所属群组(通过在所有者后面紧着冒号(:)和群组名)。
样例:
将文件filea的所有者修改为root,
lienhua34@test$ sudo chown root filea
lienhua34@test$ ls -l
total
-rw-r--r-- root root Dec : filea
drwxr-xr-x lienhua34 lienhua34 Dec : subdir
同时将文件filea的所有者修改为lienhua34以及所属群组修改为lienhua34,
lienhua34@test$ sudo chown lienhua34:lienhua34 filea
lienhua34@test$ ls -l
total
-rw-r--r-- lienhua34 lienhua34 Dec : filea
drwxr-xr-x lienhua34 lienhua34 Dec : subdir
(done)