[置顶] 开发随笔——NOT IN vs NOT EXISTS

时间:2022-10-23 12:48:59
原文出处: http://blog.csdn.net/dba_huangzj/article/details/31374037  转载请引用

之前在论坛中见到一个针对in/exists的讨论,原帖懒得找了,这里介绍一下最近的学习小结:

NOT IN和NOT EIXTS在对允许为null的列查询时会有一定的风险。特别是NOT IN,如果子查询包含了最少一个NULL,会出现非预期的结果。下面做一个演示。

 

IF OBJECT_ID('ShipmentItems', 'U') IS NOT NULL 
DROP TABLE dbo.ShipmentItems;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.ShipmentItems
(
ShipmentBarcode VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL ,
Description VARCHAR(100) NULL ,
Barcode VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
);
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.ShipmentItems
( ShipmentBarcode ,
Barcode ,
Description
)
SELECT '123456' ,
'1010203' ,
'Some cool widget'
UNION ALL
SELECT '123654' ,
'1010203' ,
'Some cool widget'
UNION ALL
SELECT '123654' ,
'1010204' ,
'Some cool stuff for some gadget';
GO
-- retrieve all the items from shipment 123654
-- that are not shipped in shipment 123456
SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123654'
AND Barcode NOT IN ( SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123456' );
/*
Barcode
------------------------------
1010204
*/


 

可以看出得到了期待结果。下面看看修改表结构,允许列为null的情况:

ALTER TABLE dbo.ShipmentItems ALTER COLUMN Barcode VARCHAR(30) NULL; INSERT  INTO dbo.ShipmentItems         ( ShipmentBarcode ,           Barcode ,           Description         )         SELECT  '123456' ,                 NULL ,                 'Users manual for some gadget'; GO SELECT  Barcode FROM    dbo.ShipmentItems WHERE   ShipmentBarcode = '123654'         AND Barcode NOT IN ( SELECT Barcode                              FROM   dbo.ShipmentItems                              WHERE  ShipmentBarcode = '123456' ); /* Barcode ------------------------------*/


很多人会觉得这是一个bug,有时候能查出数据,有时候却不能。但是实际上不是bug,当NOT IN子句返回最少一个NULL时,查询会返回空,下面的语句能更好地说明这个想法:

SELECT  CASE WHEN 1 NOT IN ( 2, 3 ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False'         END ,         CASE WHEN 1 NOT IN ( 2, 3, NULL ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False'         END; /* ---- ---------------- True Unknown or False */


实际上,由于IN的本质是OR操作,所以:


SELECT  CASE WHEN 1 IN ( 1, 2, NULL ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False'         END ;

中,1 in 1,也就是为TRUE,所以返回true,这个语句的逻辑实际上是:

SELECT  CASE WHEN ( 1 = 1 )                   OR ( 1 = 2 )                   OR ( 1 = NULL ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False'         END ; 


当使用NOT IN 时,如下面的语句:

SELECT  CASE WHEN 1 NOT IN ( 1, 2, NULL ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False'         END ;


会转变成:

SELECT  CASE WHEN NOT ( ( 1 = 1 )                         OR ( 1 = 2 )                         OR ( 1 = NULL )                       ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False' END ;


根据离散数学的概念,可以转换为:

SELECT  CASE WHEN ( ( 1 <> 1 )                     AND ( 1 <> 2 )                     AND ( 1 <> NULL )                   ) THEN 'True'              ELSE 'Unknown or False'         END ;


谓词有短路特性,即在AND条件中,只要有一个条件为false,整个条件都为false,而1<>1是为false,所以后面的也不需要判断了,直接返回else部分。即使是1<>null,根据集合论的特性,NULL和实际数据的对比总是返回unknown,所以也是为false。如果你非要用NOT IN ,请确保子查询永远不会有NULL返回。或者需要额外处理去除NULL,比如:

SELECT  Barcode FROM    dbo.ShipmentItems WHERE   ShipmentBarcode = '123654'   AND Barcode NOT IN ( SELECT Barcode                        FROM   dbo.ShipmentItems                        WHERE  ShipmentBarcode = '123456'                          AND Barcode IS NOT NULL ) ;


还有一种方法就是改写语句,用NOT EXISTS来等价替换:

SELECT  i.Barcode FROM    dbo.ShipmentItems AS i WHERE   i.ShipmentBarcode = '123654'         AND NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *                          FROM   dbo.ShipmentItems AS i1                          WHERE  i1.ShipmentBarcode = '123456'                                 AND i1.Barcode = i.Barcode ); /* Barcode ------------------------------ 1010204*/


另外,基于SARG要求,一般不建议用NOT IN/NOT EXISTS这种反向扫描,避免影响性能。还有一个选择使用IN/EXISTS的要点,就是多列匹配的问题,在T-SQL中,多列同时匹配要用EXISTS,而单列匹配可以用EXISTS/IN。可能可以用其他写法来实现IN的多列匹配,但是一般我个人会选择使用EXISTS来匹配多列。


原文出自:CSDN博客:黄钊吉的博客