本章介绍有关JPQL和它的工作原理与持久性单元。在这一章中,给出的例子遵循相同的包层次结构,和我们在前面的章节中使用一样。
Java持久化查询语言
JPQL代表Java持久化查询语言。它被用来创建针对实体的查询存储在关系数据库中。 JPQL是基于SQL语法的发展。但它不会直接影响到数据库。
JPQL可以检索使用SELECT子句中的数据,可以使用 UPDATE子句做批量UPDATE和DELETE子句。
查询结构
JPQL语法非常类似于SQL语法。SQL的语法是一个优势,因为SQL很简单,被广泛使用。 SQL工作直接针对关系数据库表,记录和字段,而JPQL适用于Java类和实例。
例如,JPQL查询可以检索实体对象,而不是从一个数据库中设置字段结果,作为与SQL。该JPQL查询结构如下。
SELECT ... FROM ... [WHERE ...] [GROUP BY ... [HAVING ...]] [ORDER BY ...]
JPQL的结构,DELETE和UPDATE查询,如下所示。
DELETE FROM ... [WHERE ...] UPDATE ... SET ... [WHERE ...]
标量和聚合函数
标量函数返回基于输入值所得的数值。集合函数,通过计算输入值返回的结果值。
我们将使用相同的例子员工管理,在前面的章节。在这里将通过使用JPQL的标量和聚合函数的服务类。
让我们假定 jpadb.employee 表包含下述记录。
Eid | Ename | Salary | Deg |
---|---|---|---|
1201 | Gopal | 40000 | 技术经理 |
1202 | Manisha | 40000 | 接待员 |
1203 | Masthanvali | 40000 | 技术作家 |
1204 | Satish | 30000 | 技术作家 |
1205 | Krishna | 30000 | 技术作家 |
1206 | Kiran | 35000 | 接待员 |
创建一个在 com.yiibai.eclipselink.service 包命名为 ScalarandAggregateFunctions.java类如下。
package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service; import java.util.List; import javax.persistence.EntityManager; import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory; import javax.persistence.Persistence; import javax.persistence.Query; public class ScalarandAggregateFunctions { public static void main( String[ ] args ) { EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence. createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" ); EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory. createEntityManager(); //Scalar function Query query = entitymanager. createQuery("Select UPPER(e.ename) from Employee e"); List<String> list=query.getResultList(); for(String e:list) { System.out.println("Employee NAME :"+e); } //Aggregate function Query query1 = entitymanager. createQuery("Select MAX(e.salary) from Employee e"); Double result=(Double) query1.getSingleResult(); System.out.println("Max Employee Salary :"+result); } }
编译和执行上面的程序,在Eclipse IDE的控制台面板上会得到以下输出。
Employee NAME :GOPAL Employee NAME :MANISHA Employee NAME :MASTHANVALI Employee NAME :SATISH Employee NAME :KRISHNA Employee NAME :KIRAN Max Employee Salary :40000.0
Between, And, Like 关键词
Between, And, 和Like是JPQL的主要关键字。这些关键字在查询子句后使用。
创建一个名为 BetweenAndLikeFunctions.java 类在 com.yiibai.eclipselink.service包下,如下所示:
package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service; import java.util.List; import javax.persistence.EntityManager; import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory; import javax.persistence.Persistence; import javax.persistence.Query; import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.Employee; public class BetweenAndLikeFunctions { public static void main( String[ ] args ) { EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence. createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" ); EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory. createEntityManager(); //Between Query query = entitymanager. createQuery( "Select e " + "from Employee e " + "where e.salary " + "Between 30000 and 40000" ) List<Employee> list=(List<Employee>)query.getResultList( ); for( Employee e:list ) { System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( )); System.out.println("\t Employee salary :"+e.getSalary( )); } //Like Query query1 = entitymanager. createQuery("Select e " + "from Employee e " + "where e.ename LIKE 'M%'"); List<Employee> list1=(List<Employee>)query1.getResultList( ); for( Employee e:list1 ) { System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( )); System.out.println("\t Employee name :"+e.getEname( )); } } }
编译并执行上述程序后,将在Eclipse IDE的控制台面板下面输出以下内容。
Employee ID :1201 Employee salary :40000.0 Employee ID :1202 Employee salary :40000.0 Employee ID :1203 Employee salary :40000.0 Employee ID :1204 Employee salary :30000.0 Employee ID :1205 Employee salary :30000.0 Employee ID :1206 Employee salary :35000.0 Employee ID :1202 Employee name :Manisha Employee ID :1203 Employee name :Masthanvali
排序
要排序JPQL中的记录,我们使用ORDER BY子句。这一个子句的使用类似于SQL中的用法,但它涉及的实体。下面的示例演示了如何使用ORDER BY子句。
在com.yiibai.eclipselink.service包中创建类 Ordering.java 如下:
package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service; import java.util.List; import javax.persistence.EntityManager; import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory; import javax.persistence.Persistence; import javax.persistence.Query; import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.Employee; public class Ordering { public static void main( String[ ] args ) { EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence. createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" ); EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory. createEntityManager(); //Between Query query = entitymanager. createQuery( "Select e " + "from Employee e " + "ORDER BY e.ename ASC" ); List<Employee> list=(List<Employee>)query.getResultList( ); for( Employee e:list ) { System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( )); System.out.println("\t Employee Name :"+e.getEname( )); } } }
编译和执行上面的程序,在Eclipse IDE的控制台面板会产生下面的输出。
Employee ID :1201 Employee Name :Gopal Employee ID :1206 Employee Name :Kiran Employee ID :1205 Employee Name :Krishna Employee ID :1202 Employee Name :Manisha Employee ID :1203 Employee Name :Masthanvali Employee ID :1204 Employee Name :Satish
命名查询
@NamedQuery注解被定义为一个预定义的查询字符串,它是不可改变的查询。相反,动态查询,命名查询可以通过POJO分离JPQL查询字符串提高代码的组织。它也传送的查询参数,而不是动态地嵌入文本到查询字符串,并因此产生更高效的查询。
首先,@NamedQuery注解添加到com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity包中的 Employee实体,类名为Employee.java下,如下所示:
package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.GenerationType; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.NamedQuery; import javax.persistence.Table; @Entity @Table @NamedQuery(query = "Select e from Employee e where e.eid = :id", name = "find employee by id") public class Employee { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO) private int eid; private String ename; private double salary; private String deg; public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg) { super( ); this.eid = eid; this.ename = ename; this.salary = salary; this.deg = deg; } public Employee( ) { super(); } public int getEid( ) { return eid; } public void setEid(int eid) { this.eid = eid; } public String getEname( ) { return ename; } public void setEname(String ename) { this.ename = ename; } public double getSalary( ) { return salary; } public void setSalary(double salary) { this.salary = salary; } public String getDeg( ) { return deg; } public void setDeg(String deg) { this.deg = deg; } @Override public String toString() { return "Employee [eid=" + eid + ", ename=" + ename + ", salary=" + salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]"; } }
创建一个名为com.yiibai.eclipselink.service包下的NamedQueries.java类,如下所示:
package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service; import java.util.List; import javax.persistence.EntityManager; import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory; import javax.persistence.Persistence; import javax.persistence.Query; import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.Employee; public class NamedQueries { public static void main( String[ ] args ) { EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence. createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" ); EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory. createEntityManager(); Query query = entitymanager.createNamedQuery( "find employee by id"); query.setParameter("id", 1204); List<Employee> list = query.getResultList( ); for( Employee e:list ) { System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( )); System.out.println("\t Employee Name :"+e.getEname( )); } } }
经过编译和执行上面的程序,在Eclipse IDE的控制台面板上会得到下面的输出。
Employee ID :1204 Employee Name :Satish
加入上述所有类后,包层次结构如下所示:
急切和延迟加载
JPA中最重要的概念是为了使数据库的副本在高速缓冲存储器中。虽然有一个数据库事务,但JPA首先创建一个重复的数据集,只有当它使用实体管理提交,所做的更改影响到数据库中。
从数据库中获取记录有两种方式。
预先抓取
在预先抓取,相关的子对象获取一个特定的记录自动上传。
延迟加载
在延迟装载,涉及的对象不会自动上传,除非你特别要求他们。首先,它检查相关对象和通知可用性。以后,如果调用任何实体的getter方法,那么它获取的所有记录。
延迟装载可能在第一次尝试获取记录。这样一来,在整个记录的副本已经被存储在高速缓冲存储器中。性能方面,延迟装载最好。