按照java内存的结构,发生内存溢出的地方常在于堆、栈、方法区、直接内存。
一、堆溢出
堆溢出原因莫过于对象太多导致,看代码:
/**
* java 堆溢出
* VM Args:-Xms20m -Xmx20m -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError
* @author
*/
public class HeapOOM { static class OOMObject {
} public static void main(String[] args) {
List<OOMObject> list = new ArrayList<OOMObject>(); while (true) {
list.add(new OOMObject());
/*System.out.println("total(k):"+Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory()/1024+
" freeMemory(k):"+Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory()/1024+
" maxMemory(k):"+Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory()/1024+
" availableProcessors:"+Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());*/
}
}
} /**
* java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
Dumping heap to java_pid1820.hprof ...
Heap dump file created [24787111 bytes in 0.346 secs]
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
at java.util.Arrays.copyOf(Arrays.java:2760)
at java.util.Arrays.copyOf(Arrays.java:2734)
at java.util.ArrayList.ensureCapacity(ArrayList.java:167)
at java.util.ArrayList.add(ArrayList.java:351)
at baby.oom.HeapOOM.main(HeapOOM.java:19)
*
*
*/
二、栈溢出
根据JAVA虚拟机规范描述:如果线程请求的栈深度大于虚拟机所允许的最大深度,将抛出*Error
如果虚拟机在扩展栈时无法申请到足够的内存空间,将抛出OutOfMemoryError。
实验表明:在单线程下,无论是由于栈帧太大还是虚拟机栈容量太小,当内存无法分配的时候,虚拟机抛出的都是*Error。
通过不断的建立新线程的方式可以产生内存溢出溢出。为每个线程的栈分配的内存越大,反而越容易产生内存溢出异常。如果是建立过多线程导致的内存溢出,在不能减少线程数量或者更换64位虚拟机的情况下,就只能通过减少最大堆和减少栈容量来换取更多的线程。
假设32位windows系统虚拟机最大设为2G,虚拟机提供了参数来控制java堆和方法区这两部分最大值,剩余的内存为2G - Xmx- MaxPermSize,如果虚拟机本身进程内存大小不算在内,省下的内存就有虚拟机和本地方法栈瓜分了。每个线程分配到的栈容量越大,可以建立的线程数量自然就越少。
/**
* 栈异常
* 如果线程请求的栈深度大于虚拟机所允许的最大深度,将抛出*Error
* 如果虚拟机在扩展栈时无法申请到足够的内存空间,将抛出OutOfMemoryError
* VM Args:-Xss128k
* @author
*/
public class JavaVMStackSOF { private int stackLength = ; public void stackLeak() {
stackLength++;
stackLeak();
} public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
JavaVMStackSOF oom = new JavaVMStackSOF();
try {
oom.stackLeak();
} catch (Throwable e) {
System.out.println("stack length:" + oom.stackLength);
throw e;
}
}
} /**
*
* stack length:2403
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.*Error
at baby.oom.JavaVMStackSOF.stackLeak(JavaVMStackSOF.java:11)
at baby.oom.JavaVMStackSOF.stackLeak(JavaVMStackSOF.java:12)
at baby.oom.JavaVMStackSOF.stackLeak(JavaVMStackSOF.java:12) 默认情况下,即不加Xss限制,输出的length为8956,加了Xss128k length位2403
*/
/**
* VM Args:-Xss2M (这时候不妨设大些)
* @author
*/
public class JavaVMStackOOM { int i=;
private void dontStop() {
while (true) {
}
} public void stackLeakByThread() { while (true) {
Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
dontStop();
}
});
i++;
System.out.println("i="+i);
thread.start();
}
} public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
JavaVMStackOOM oom = new JavaVMStackOOM(); try {
oom.stackLeakByThread();
} catch (Throwable e) {
System.out.println("thread num:" + oom.i);
throw e;
}
}
}
//i=391
//thread num:391
//Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: unable to create new native thread
三、方法区溢出
当运行时常量池过大或者类过多时就会导致方法区溢出。
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List; /**
* VM Args:-XX:PermSize=10M -XX:MaxPermSize=10M
* @author
*/
public class RuntimeConstantPoolOOM { public static void main(String[] args) {
// 使用List保持着常量池引用,避免Full GC回收常量池行为
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
// 10MB的PermSize在integer范围内足够产生OOM了
int i = ;
while (true) {
list.add(String.valueOf(i++).intern());
}
}
} /**
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space
at java.lang.String.intern(Native Method)
at baby.oom.RuntimeConstantPoolOOM.main(RuntimeConstantPoolOOM.java:18) */ /**
* VM Args: -XX:PermSize=10M -XX:MaxPermSize=10M
* @author
*/
public class JavaMethodAreaOOM { public static void main(String[] args) {
while (true) {
Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer();
enhancer.setSuperclass(OOMObject.class);
enhancer.setUseCache(false);
enhancer.setCallback(new MethodInterceptor() { @Override
public Object intercept(Object obj, Method method, Object[] arg, MethodProxy proxy) throws Throwable {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return proxy.invokeSuper(obj, arg);
}
});
enhancer.create();
}
} static class OOMObject { }
} /*
* Exception in thread "main" net.sf.cglib.core.CodeGenerationException: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException-->null
at net.sf.cglib.core.AbstractClassGenerator.create(AbstractClassGenerator.java:237)
at net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer.createHelper(Enhancer.java:377)
at net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer.create(Enhancer.java:285)
at baby.oom.JavaMethodAreaOOM.main(JavaMethodAreaOOM.java:28)
Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor1.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
at net.sf.cglib.core.ReflectUtils.defineClass(ReflectUtils.java:384)
at net.sf.cglib.core.AbstractClassGenerator.create(AbstractClassGenerator.java:219)
... 3 more
Caused by: java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClassCond(ClassLoader.java:631)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:615)
... 8 more
*/
四、直接内存溢出
虽然使用DerictByteBuffer分配内存也会抛出内存溢出异常,但它抛出异常时并没有真正向操作系统申请分配,而是通过计算得知内存无法分配,于是手动抛出异常,真正申请分配内存的方法是unsafe.allocateMemory()。
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
/**
* VM Args:-Xmx20M -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=10M
* @author
* Eclipse 默认把这些受访问限制的API设成了ERROR。 解决办法:将Windows->Preferences->Java-Complicer->Errors/Warnings->Deprecated and restricted API,中的Forbidden references(access rules)设置为Warning,即可以编译通过。 */
public class DirectMemoryOOM { private static final int _1MB = * ; public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Field unsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredFields()[];
unsafeField.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null);
while (true) {
unsafe.allocateMemory(_1MB);
}
}
} /**
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError
at sun.misc.Unsafe.allocateMemory(Native Method)
at baby.oom.DirectMemoryOOM.main(DirectMemoryOOM.java:20)
*/