在SCI论文中，引言（Introduction） 是引导读者理解研究背景、明确研究价值的关键部分。其核心目标是 建立逻辑链条：从领域背景→问题缺口→研究目标→解决方案→研究意义。以下是具体写作框架和注意事项：
一、引言的标准结构（四段式）
1. 研究背景（Broad to Narrow）
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第一句：定义研究领域的普遍重要性
▸ "Cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality, accounting for 10 million deaths annually." -
逐步聚焦：从领域→子领域→具体问题
▸ 模板：[大领域重要性] → [细分方向的核心挑战] → [具体未解问题]
2. 研究现状与缺口（Critical Literature Review）
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综述前人工作：按时间/逻辑顺序，突出关键进展
▸ "Previous studies have established that X regulates Y (A et al., 2018), and Z enhances its activity (B et al., 2020)." -
指出现有不足：用 However/Although 引出缺口
▸ "However, the molecular mechanism underlying X-mediated Y degradation remains unclear."
▸ "Despite these advances, no study has systematically compared the efficacy of A and B under extreme conditions."
3. 研究目标与假设
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明确研究问题：直接回应前述缺口
▸ "This study aims to investigate whether X modulates Y via the Z pathway in human cells." -
提出假设（可选）：理论依据清晰的领域可使用
▸ "We hypothesized that inhibiting X would rescue Y deficiency in this model."
4. 研究意义与论文结构
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强调贡献：理论/应用价值
▸ "Our findings provide the first evidence that..., offering a new strategy for..." -
简述论文结构（部分期刊要求）
▸ "The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes..., Section 3 analyzes..."
二、写作技巧与注意事项
1. 逻辑连贯性
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避免信息堆砌：每一段需服务于“问题-缺口-目标”主线
▸ 错误：孤立列举文献，不解释与当前研究的关系
▸ 正确：指出文献如何铺垫了你的研究问题（例如："While A et al. focused on X, the role of Y remains unexplored."） - 使用连接词：Therefore, However, Importantly, Notably, In contrast...
2. 文献引用
- 选择关键文献：引用近5年高影响力论文（至少占70%），兼顾奠基性研究
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批判性分析：避免简单罗列，需评价前人工作的局限性
▸ 错误："Many studies have reported the effects of X (Ref1; Ref2; Ref3)."
▸ 改进："While X is known to improve Y (Ref1), its chronic toxicity (Ref2) and low bioavailability (Ref3) limit clinical applications."
3. 语言与时态
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背景事实：现在时
▸ "Diabetes is associated with..." -
前人研究：过去时/现在完成时
▸ "Zhang et al. (2021) demonstrated..." / "Several models have been proposed..." -
研究目标：过去时（已完成的动作）或现在时（理论目标）
▸ 过去时："This study aimed to..."
▸ 现在时："Here, we propose a novel method to..."
4. 突出创新性
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明确对比：指出你的研究如何超越前人
▸ 直接："Unlike previous approaches relying on X, our method integrates Y and Z..."
▸ 隐含："To address this gap, we developed a high-throughput screening platform..."
三、常见错误与修改示例
| 错误类型 | 错误示例 | 修改建议 |
|---|---|---|
| 背景过于宽泛 | "Cancer is a disease. Many people die from it." | "Despite advances in targeted therapies, 5-year survival rates for metastatic lung cancer remain below 20% (Ref)." |
| 文献综述不聚焦 | "Many studies have looked at X, Y, and Z." | "Prior work has established X as critical for Y (Ref1), but its interaction with Z under hypoxia is poorly understood (Ref2)." |
| 夸大创新性 | "Our study completely solves this problem." | "Our data suggest a previously unrecognized role of X, which may contribute to resolving this issue." |
| 忽略竞争性观点 | 只引用支持自己假说的文献 | "While most studies support X (Ref1-3), recent evidence suggests Y may also play a role (Ref4)." |
四、范例分析（材料科学方向）
段落结构：
[背景] Solid-state batteries are regarded as the next-generation energy storage technology due to their high energy density and safety. [现状] Recent efforts have focused on developing sulfide-based electrolytes with ionic conductivities exceeding 10 mS cm⁻¹ (Ref1). [缺口] However, their chemical instability against lithium metal anodes leads to rapid capacity decay (Ref2). [目标] Here, we design a bilayer polymer-sulfide hybrid electrolyte to simultaneously achieve high conductivity and interfacial stability. [意义] This approach provides a scalable pathway for manufacturing durable solid-state batteries.
亮点：
- 在4句话内完成“背景→现状→缺口→目标→意义”的闭环
- 数据量化增强说服力（"10 mS cm⁻¹"）
- 动词精准（"design", "achieve", "provides"）
五、学科差异与期刊偏好
- 生命科学：侧重机制探索，常用“hypothesize”
- 工程类：强调方法创新，常用“propose/develop”
- 综述型期刊（如Nature Reviews系列）：需更宏大的背景铺垫
- 快报类期刊（如ACS Nano）：引言更简洁（通常≤3段）
建议：
- 从目标期刊下载2-3篇最新论文，统计其Introduction的段落数、文献引用量、结构比例
- 使用学术写作工具（如Writefull, Grammarly）检查语言流畅度
通过清晰的逻辑链条、批判性文献分析和精准的语言表达，Introduction能有效说服读者认同研究的必要性。
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