React的状态管理库-Redux

时间:2024-12-15 19:59:51

核心思想:单一数据源状态是只读的、以及使用纯函数更新状态。

组成部分

Store(存储)

应用的唯一状态容器,存储整个应用的状态树,使用 createStore() 创建。

  1. getState():获取当前状态。
  2. dispatch(action):派发动作以触发状态更新。
  3. subscribe(listener):订阅状态变化。

Action(动作)

描述应用中发生的事情,就是一个普通的 JavaScript 对象,必须有 type 属性,用来描述动作的类型,其他字段可以包含任何附加信息(例如,payload)。

Reducer(状态处理器)

是一个纯函数,接收当前的状态和一个动作,返回新的状态,函数签名:(state, action) => newState,通过处理不同类型的动作更新状态。

Middleware(中间件)

拦截 dispatch 的动作,用于扩展 Redux 的功能,例如处理异步操作redux-thunk)或日志记录(redux-logger)。

Provider(React 集成部分)

使用 react-redux 提供 Provider 组件,将 Redux 的 store 传递给整个 React 组件树。

应用

安装依赖

npm install redux react-redux

创建 Redux Store

定义Action

// src/actions/types.js
// 定义一些常量来表示 action 的类型,这有助于避免拼写错误
export const INCREMENT = "INCREMENT";
export const DECREMENT = "DECREMENT";
// src/actions/counterActions.js
// 创建 action creator 函数来生成 action 对象。
import { INCREMENT, DECREMENT } from "./types";

export const increment = () => ({
  type: INCREMENT,
});

export const decrement = () => ({
  type: DECREMENT,
});

创建 Reducer

// src/reducers/counterReducer.js
// 创建 reducer 函数来处理不同的 action 类型。
import { INCREMENT, DECREMENT } from "../actions/types";

const initialState = {
  count: 0,
};

function counterReducer(state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case INCREMENT:
      return {
        ...state,
        count: state.count + 1,
      };
    case DECREMENT:
      return {
        ...state,
        count: state.count - 1,
      };
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

export default counterReducer;
// src/reducers/index.js
import { combineReducers } from "redux";
import counterReducer from "./counterReducer";

const rootReducer = combineReducers({
  counter: counterReducer,
});

export default rootReducer;

创建 Store

// store.js
import { createStore } from 'redux';
import counterReducer from './reducer';

const store = createStore(counterReducer);

export default store;

在 React 应用中使用 Redux

设置 Provider

// index.js
import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom/client";
import App from "./App";
// Provider是React-Redux提供的一个组件,用于将Redux store传递给应用中的所有组件。
import { Provider } from "react-redux";
import store from "./store/index";
import reportWebVitals from "./reportWebVitals";

const root = ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById("root"));
root.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <Provider store={store}>
      {" "}
      {/* 将App组件包裹在Provider中 */}
      <App />
    </Provider>
  </React.StrictMode>
);
reportWebVitals();

组件中访问状态和派发动作

// src/components/js/CounterWithHooks.js
import React from "react";
import { useSelector, useDispatch } from "react-redux";
import { increment, decrement } from "../../actions/counterActions";

function CounterWithHooks() {
  const count = useSelector((state) => state.counter.count);
  const dispatch = useDispatch();

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Count: {count}</h1>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch(increment())}>Increment</button>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch(decrement())}>Decrement</button>
    </div>
  );
}

export default CounterWithHooks;

Redux 中间件的扩展

添加异步支持(redux-thunk

npm install redux-thunk

修改 store.js

import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import {thunk}  from 'redux-thunk';// 使用命名导出
// import thunk  from 'redux-thunk';// 使用默认导出
import counterReducer from './reducer';

const store = createStore(counterReducer, applyMiddleware(thunk));

export default store;

示例异步 Action

// src/actions/counterActions.js
// 创建 action creator 函数来生成 action 对象。
import { INCREMENT, DECREMENT } from "./types";
export const increment = () => ({
  type: INCREMENT,
});

export const decrement = () => ({
  type: DECREMENT,
});

export const incrementAsync = () => {
  return (dispatch) => {
    setTimeout(() => {
      dispatch(increment());
    }, 1000);
  };
};

export const decrementAsync = () => {
  return (dispatch) => {
    setTimeout(() => {
      dispatch(decrement());
    }, 1000);
  };
};

示例

// src/components/js/CounterWithHooks.js
import React from "react";
import { useSelector, useDispatch } from "react-redux";
import { increment, decrement, incrementAsync, decrementAsync } from "../../actions/counterActions";

function CounterWithHooks() {
  const count = useSelector((state) => state.counter.count);
  const dispatch = useDispatch();

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Count: {count}</h1>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch(increment())}>Increment</button>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch(decrement())}>Decrement</button>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch(incrementAsync())}>Increment Async</button>
      <button onClick={() => dispatch(decrementAsync())}>Decrement Async</button>
    </div>
  );
}

export default CounterWithHooks;

总结

  1. State: 整个应用的状态树
  2. Actions: 描述状态变化的对象
  3. Reducers: 纯函数,根据 action 更新 state。
  4. Store: 持有应用的 state 树,提供方法来获取 state、分发 action 和注册/注销监听器。