一、混淆矩阵
对于二分类的模型,预测结果与实际结果分别可以取0和1。我们用N和P代替0和1,T和F表示预测正确和错误。将他们两两组合,就形成了下图所示的混淆矩阵(注意:组合结果都是针对预测结果而言的)。
由于1和0是数字,阅读性不好,所以我们分别用P和N表示1和0两种结果。变换之后为PP,PN,NP,NN,阅读性也很差,我并不能轻易地看出来预测的正确性与否。因此,为了能够更清楚地分辨各种预测情况是否正确,我们将其中一个符号修改为T和F,以便于分辨出结果。
- P(Positive):代表 1
- N(Negative):代表 0
- T(True):代表预测正确
- F(False):代表预测错误
二、准确率、精确率、召回率、F1-Measure
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准确率(Accuracy):对于给定的测试数据集,分类器正确分类的样本数与总样本数之比。
A c c u r a c y = T P + T N T P + T N + F P + F N = T P + T N 总 样 本 数 量 Accuracy=\cfrac{TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}=\cfrac{TP+TN}{总样本数量} Accuracy=TP+TN+FP+FNTP+TN=总样本数量TP+TN -
精确率(Precision)**:精指分类正确的正样本个数(TP)占分类器判定为正样本的样本个数(TP+FP)的比例。
P r e c i s i o n = T P T P + F P = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 判 定 为 正 样 本 的 样 本 个 数 Precision=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FP}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{判定为正样本的样本个数} Precision=TP+FPTP=判定为正样本的样本个数分类正确的正样本个数 -
召回率(Recall):召回率是指分类正确的正样本个数(TP)占真正的正样本个数(TP+FN)的比例。
R e c a l l = T P T P + F N = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 全 部 真 正 的 正 样 本 个 数 Recall=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FN}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{全部真正的正样本个数} Recall=TP+FNTP=全部真正的正样本个数分类正确的正样本个数 -
F1-Measure值:就是精确率和召回率的调和平均值。
F 1 − M e a s u r e = 2 1 P r e c i s i o n + 1 R e c a l l = 2 × P r e c i s i o n × R e c a l l P r e c i s i o n + R e c a l l \begin{aligned}F1-Measure=\cfrac{2}{\cfrac{1}{Precision}+\cfrac{1}{Recall}}=\cfrac{2×Precision×Recall}{Precision+Recall}\end{aligned} F1−Measure=Precision1+Recall12=Precision+Recall2×Precision×Recall
每个评估指标都有其价值,但如果只从单一的评估指标出发去评估模型,往往会得出片面甚至错误的结论;只有通过一组互补的指标去评估模型,才能更好地发现并解决模型存在的问题,从而更好地解决实际业务场景中遇到的问题。
三、多分类评价指标-案例
假设有如下的数据
预测 | 真实 |
---|---|
A | A |
A | A |
B | A |
C | A |
B | B |
B | B |
C | B |
B | C |
C | C |
可以看出,上表为一份样本量为9,类别数为3的含标注结果的三分类预测样本。TN对于准召的计算而言是不需要的,因此下面的表格中未统计该值。
1、按照定义计算Precision、Recall
1.1 对于类别A
TP = 2 | FP = 0 |
FN = 2 | TN = ~ |
P r e c i s i o n = T P T P + F P = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 判 定 为 正 样 本 的 样 本 个 数 = 2 2 + 0 = 100 % = 1.0 Precision=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FP}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{判定为正样本的样本个数}=\cfrac{2}{2+0}=100\%=1.0 Precision=TP+FPTP=判定为正样本的样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=2+02=100%=1.0
R e c a l l = T P T P + F N = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 真 正 的 正 样 本 个 数 = 2 2 + 2 = 50 % = 0.5 Recall=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FN}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{真正的正样本个数}=\cfrac{2}{2+2}=50\%=0.5 Recall=TP+FNTP=真正的正样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=2+22=50%=0.5
1.2 对于类别B
TP = 2 | FP = 2 |
FN = 1 | TN = ~ |
P r e c i s i o n = T P T P + F P = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 判 定 为 正 样 本 的 样 本 个 数 = 2 2 + 2 = 50 % = 0.5 Precision=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FP}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{判定为正样本的样本个数}=\cfrac{2}{2+2}=50\%=0.5 Precision=TP+FPTP=判定为正样本的样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=2+22=50%=0.5
R e c a l l = T P T P + F N = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 真 正 的 正 样 本 个 数 = 2 2 + 1 = 67 % = 0.67 Recall=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FN}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{真正的正样本个数}=\cfrac{2}{2+1}=67\%=0.67 Recall=TP+FNTP=真正的正样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=2+12=67%=0.67
1.3 对于类别C
TP = 1 | FP = 2 |
FN = 1 | TN = ~ |
P r e c i s i o n = T P T P + F P = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 判 定 为 正 样 本 的 样 本 个 数 = 1 1 + 2 = 33 % = 0.33 Precision=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FP}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{判定为正样本的样本个数}=\cfrac{1}{1+2}=33\%=0.33 Precision=TP+FPTP=判定为正样本的样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=1+21=33%=0.33
R e c a l l = T P T P + F N = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 真 正 的 正 样 本 个 数 = 1 1 + 1 = 50 % = 0.5 Recall=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FN}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{真正的正样本个数}=\cfrac{1}{1+1}=50\%=0.5 Recall=TP+FNTP=真正的正样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=1+11=50%=0.5
2、调用sklearn的api进行验证
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
from sklearn.metrics import precision_score, recall_score, f1_score
true_lable = [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]
prediction = [0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2]
measure_result = classification_report(true_lable, prediction)
print('measure_result = \n', measure_result)
打印结果:
measure_result =
precision recall f1-score support
0 1.00 0.50 0.67 4
1 0.50 0.67 0.57 3
2 0.33 0.50 0.40 2
accuracy 0.56 9
macro avg 0.61 0.56 0.55 9
weighted avg 0.69 0.56 0.58 9
四、Micro-F1、Macro-F1、weighted-F1
总的来说,微观F1(micro-F1)和宏观F1(macro-F1)都是F1合并后的结果,这两个F1都是用在多分类任务中的评价指标,是两种不一样的求F1均值的方式;micro-F1和macro-F1的计算方法有差异,得出来的结果也略有差异;
1、Micro-F1
Micro-F1 不需要区分类别,直接使用总体样本的准召计算f1 score。
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计算方法:先计算所有类别的总的Precision和Recall,然后计算出来的F1值即为micro-F1;
-
使用场景:在计算公式中考虑到了每个类别的数量,所以适用于数据分布不平衡的情况;但同时因为考虑到数据的数量,所以在数据极度不平衡的情况下,数量较多数量的类会较大的影响到F1的值;
该样本的混淆矩阵如下:
TP = 5 | FP = 4 |
FN = 2 | TN = ~ |
P r e c i s i o n = T P T P + F P = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 判 定 为 正 样 本 的 样 本 个 数 = 5 5 + 4 = 55.56 % = 0.5556 Precision=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FP}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{判定为正样本的样本个数}=\cfrac{5}{5+4}=55.56\%=0.5556 Precision=TP+FPTP=判定为正样本的样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=5+45=55.56%=0.5556
R e c a l l = T P T P + F N = 分 类 正 确 的 正 样 本 个 数 真 正 的 正 样 本 个 数 = 5 5 + 4 = 55.56 % = 0.5556 Recall=\cfrac{TP}{TP+FN}=\cfrac{分类正确的正样本个数}{真正的正样本个数}=\cfrac{5}{5+4}=55.56\%=0.5556 Recall=TP+FNTP=真正的正样本个数分类正确的正样本个数=5+45=55.56%=0.5556
F 1 − M e a s u r e = 2 1 P r e c i s i o n + 1 R e c a l l = 2 × P r e c i s i o n × R e c a l l P r e c i s i o n + R e c a l l = 2 × 0.5556 × 0.5556 0.5556 + 0.5556 = 0.5556 \begin{aligned}F1-Measure=\cfrac{2}{\cfrac{1}{Precision}+\cfrac{1}{Recall}}=\cfrac{2×Precision×Recall}{Precision+Recall}=\cfrac{2×0.5556×0.5556}{0.5556+0.5556}=0.5556\end{aligned} F1−Measure=Precision1+Recall12=Precision+Recall2×Precision×Recall=0.5556+0.55562×0.5556×0.5556=0.5556
2、Macro-F1
不同于micro f1,macro f1需要先计算出每一个类别的准召及其f1 score,然后通过求均值得到在整个样本上的f1 score。
- 计算方法:将所有类别的Precision和Recall求平均,然后计算F1值作为macro-F1;
- 使用场景:没有考虑到数据的数量,所以会平等的看待每一类(因为每一类的precision和recall都在0-1之间),会相对受高precision和高recall类的影响较大;
类别A的:
F
1
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A
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2
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0.6667
\begin{aligned}F1-A=\cfrac{2×Precision×Recall}{Precision+Recall}=\cfrac{2×1×0.5}{1+0.5}=0.6667\end{aligned}
F1−A=Precision+Recall2×Precision×Recall=1+0.52×1×0.5=0.6667
类别B的:
F
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0.5
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0.67
0.5
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0.67
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0.57265
\begin{aligned}F1-B=\cfrac{2×Precision×Recall}{Precision+Recall}=\cfrac{2×0.5×0.67}{0.5+0.67}=0.57265\end{aligned}
F1−B=Precision+Recall2×Precision×Recall=0.5+0.672×0.5×0.67=0.57265
类别C的:
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0.33
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0.33
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0.39759
\begin{aligned}F1-C=\cfrac{2×Precision×Recall}{Precision+Recall}=\cfrac{2×0.33×0.5}{0.33+0.5}=0.39759\end{aligned}
F1−C=Precision+Recall2×Precision×Recall=0.33+0.52×0.33×0.5=0.39759
Macro-F1为上面三者的平均值:
M
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0.6667
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0.57265
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0.39759
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0.546
\begin{aligned}Macro-F1=\cfrac{F1-A + F1-B + F1-C}{3}=\cfrac{0.6667 + 0.57265 + 0.39759}{3}=0.546\end{aligned}
Macro−F1=3F1−A+F1−B+F1−C=30.6667+0.57265+0.39759=0.546
3、weighted-F1
除了micro-F1和macro-F1,还有weighted-F1,是一个将F1-score乘以该类的比例之后相加的结果,也可以看做是macro-F1的变体吧。
weighted-F1和macro-F1的区别在于:macro-F1对每一类都赋予了相同的权重,而weighted-F1则根据每一类的比例分别赋予不同的权重。
五、指标的选择问题
“我们看到,对于 Macro 来说, 小类别相当程度上拉高了 Precision 的值,而实际上, 并没有那么多样本被正确分类,考虑到实际的环境中,真实样本分布和训练样本分布相同的情况下,这种指标明显是有问题的, 小类别起到的作用太大,以至于大样本的分类情况不佳。 而对于 Micro 来说,其考虑到了这种样本不均衡的问题, 因此在这种情况下相对较佳。
总的来说, 如果你的类别比较均衡,则随便; 如果你认为大样本的类别应该占据更重要的位置, 使用Micro; 如果你认为小样本也应该占据重要的位置,则使用 Macro; 如果 Micro << Macro , 则意味着在大样本类别中出现了严重的分类错误; 如果 Macro << Micro , 则意味着小样本类别中出现了严重的分类错误。
为了解决 Macro 无法衡量样本均衡问题,一个很好的方法是求加权的 Macro, 因此 Weighed F1 出现了。”
六、代码
1、数据01
true_lable = [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]
prediction = [0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2]
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
from sklearn.metrics import precision_score, recall_score, f1_score
true_lable = [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]
prediction = [0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2]
measure_result = classification_report(true_lable, prediction)
print('measure_result = \n', measure_result)
print("----------------------------- precision(精确率)-----------------------------")
precision_score_average_None = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average=None)
precision_score_average_micro = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average='micro')
precision_score_average_macro = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average='macro')
precision_score_average_weighted = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average='weighted')
print('precision_score_average_None = ', precision_score_average_None)
print('precision_score_average_micro = ', precision_score_average_micro)
print('precision_score_average_macro = ', precision_score_average_macro)
print('precision_score_average_weighted = ', precision_score_average_weighted)
print("\n\n----------------------------- recall(召回率)-----------------------------")
recall_score_average_None = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average=None)
recall_score_average_micro = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average='micro')
recall_score_average_macro = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average='macro')
recall_score_average_weighted = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average='weighted')
print('recall_score_average_None = ', recall_score_average_None)
print('recall_score_average_micro = ', recall_score_average_micro)
print('recall_score_average_macro = ', recall_score_average_macro)
print('recall_score_average_weighted = ', recall_score_average_weighted)
print("\n\n----------------------------- F1-value-----------------------------")
f1_score_average_None = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average=None)
f1_score_average_micro = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average='micro')
f1_score_average_macro = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average='macro')
f1_score_average_weighted = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average='weighted')
print('f1_score_average_None = ', f1_score_average_None)
print('f1_score_average_micro = ', f1_score_average_micro)
print('f1_score_average_macro = ', f1_score_average_macro)
print('f1_score_average_weighted = ', f1_score_average_weighted)
打印结果:
measure_result =
precision recall f1-score support
0 1.00 0.50 0.67 4
1 0.50 0.67 0.57 3
2 0.33 0.50 0.40 2
accuracy 0.56 9
macro avg 0.61 0.56 0.55 9
weighted avg 0.69 0.56 0.58 9
----------------------------- precision(精确率)-----------------------------
precision_score_average_None = [1. 0.5 0.33333333]
precision_score_average_micro = 0.5555555555555556
precision_score_average_macro = 0.611111111111111
precision_score_average_weighted = 0.6851851851851852
----------------------------- recall(召回率)-----------------------------
recall_score_average_None = [0.5 0.66666667 0.5 ]
recall_score_average_micro = 0.5555555555555556
recall_score_average_macro = 0.5555555555555555
recall_score_average_weighted = 0.5555555555555556
----------------------------- F1-value-----------------------------
f1_score_average_None = [0.66666667 0.57142857 0.4 ]
f1_score_average_micro = 0.5555555555555556
f1_score_average_macro = 0.546031746031746
f1_score_average_weighted = 0.5756613756613757
Process finished with exit code 0
2、数据02
true_lable = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3]
prediction = [3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3]
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
from sklearn.metrics import precision_score, recall_score, f1_score
true_lable = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3]
prediction = [3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3]
measure_result = classification_report(true_lable, prediction)
print('measure_result = \n', measure_result)
print("----------------------------- precision(精确率)-----------------------------")
precision_score_average_None = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average=None)
precision_score_average_micro = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average='micro')
precision_score_average_macro = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average='macro')
precision_score_average_weighted = precision_score(true_lable, prediction, average='weighted')
print('precision_score_average_None = ', precision_score_average_None)
print('precision_score_average_micro = ', precision_score_average_micro)
print('precision_score_average_macro = ', precision_score_average_macro)
print('precision_score_average_weighted = ', precision_score_average_weighted)
print("\n\n----------------------------- recall(召回率)-----------------------------")
recall_score_average_None = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average=None)
recall_score_average_micro = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average='micro')
recall_score_average_macro = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average='macro')
recall_score_average_weighted = recall_score(true_lable, prediction, average='weighted')
print('recall_score_average_None = ', recall_score_average_None)
print('recall_score_average_micro = ', recall_score_average_micro)
print('recall_score_average_macro = ', recall_score_average_macro)
print('recall_score_average_weighted = ', recall_score_average_weighted)
print("\n\n----------------------------- F1-value-----------------------------")
f1_score_average_None = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average=None)
f1_score_average_micro = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average='micro')
f1_score_average_macro = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average='macro')
f1_score_average_weighted = f1_score(true_lable, prediction, average='weighted')
print('f1_score_average_None = ', f1_score_average_None)
print('f1_score_average_micro = ', f1_score_average_micro)
print('f1_score_average_macro = ', f1_score_average_macro)
print('f1_score_average_weighted = ', f1_score_average_weighted)
打印结果:
measure_result =
precision recall f1-score support
0 0.88 0.78 0.82 9
1 0.86 0.75 0.80 8
2 0.83 0.71 0.77 7
3 0.56 0.83 0.67 6
accuracy 0.77 30
macro avg 0.78 0.77 0.76 30
weighted avg 0.80 0.77 0.77 30
----------------------------- precision(精确率)-----------------------------
precision_score_average_None = [0.875 0.85714286 0.83333333 0.55555556]
precision_score_average_micro = 0.7666666666666667
precision_score_average_macro = 0.7802579365079365
precision_score_average_weighted = 0.7966269841269841
----------------------------- recall(召回率)-----------------------------
recall_score_average_None = [0.77777778 0.75 0.71428571 0.83333333]
recall_score_average_micro = 0.7666666666666667
recall_score_average_macro = 0.7688492063492064
recall_score_average_weighted = 0.7666666666666667
----------------------------- F1-value-----------------------------
f1_score_average_None = [0.82352941 0.8 0.76923077 0.66666667]
f1_score_average_micro = 0.7666666666666667
f1_score_average_macro = 0.7648567119155354
f1_score_average_weighted = 0.7732126696832579
Process finished with exit code 0
参考资料:
Macro-F1 Score与Micro-F1 Score
分类问题的几个评价指标(Precision、Recall、F1-Score、Micro-F1、Macro-F1)
分类问题中的各种评价指标——precision,recall,F1-score,macro-F1,micro-F1