1. 返回列表和标量(Scalar)
前面我们注意到Query对象可以返回可迭代的值(iterator value),然后我们可以通过for in来查询。不过Query对象的all()、one()以及first()方法将返回非迭代值(non-iterator value),比如说all()返回的是一个列表:
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>>> query = session.query(User).\
>>> filter (User.name.like( '%ed' )).order_by(User. id )
>>> query. all ()
SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE users.name LIKE ? ORDER BY users. id
( '%ed' ,)
[User( 'ed' , 'Ed Jones' , 'f8s7ccs' ), User( 'fred' , 'Fred Flinstone' , 'blah' )]
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first()方法限制并仅作为标量返回结果集的第一条记录:
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>>> query.first()
SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE users.name LIKE ? ORDER BY users. id
LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
( '%ed' , 1 , 0 )
<User( 'ed' , 'Ed Jones' , 'f8s7ccs' )>
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one()方法,完整的提取所有的记录行,并且如果没有明确的一条记录行(没有找到这条记录)或者结果中存在多条记录行,将会引发错误异常NoResultFound或者MultipleResultsFound:
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>>> from sqlalchemy.orm.exc import MultipleResultsFound
>>> try :
... user = query.one()
... except MultipleResultsFound, e:
... print e
SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE users.name LIKE ? ORDER BY users. id
( '%ed' ,)
Multiple rows were found for one()
>>> from sqlalchemy.orm.exc import NoResultFound
>>> try :
... user = query. filter (User. id = = 99 ).one()
... except NoResultFound, e:
... print e
SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE users.name LIKE ? AND users. id = ? ORDER BY users. id
( '%ed' , 99 )
No row was found for one()
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2. 使用原义SQL (Literal SQL)
Query对象能够灵活的使用原义SQL查询字符串作为查询参数,比如我们之前用过的filter()和order_by()方法:
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>>> for user in session.query(User).\
... filter ( "id<224" ).\
... order_by( "id" ). all ():
... print user.name
SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE id < 224 ORDER BY id
()
ed
wendy
mary
fred
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当然很多人可能会和我感觉一样,会有些不适应,因为使用ORM就是为了摆脱SQL语句的,没想到现在又看到SQL的影子了。呵呵,SQLAlchemy也要照顾到使用上的灵活性嘛,毕竟有些查询语句直接编入要容易得多。
当然绑定参数也可以用基于字符串的SQL指派,使用冒号来标记替代参数,然后再使用params()方法指定相应的值:
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>>> session.query(User). filter ( "id<:value and name=:name" ).\
... params(value = 224 , name = 'fred' ).order_by(User. id ).one()
SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE id <User( 'fred' , 'Fred Flinstone' , 'blah' )>
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到这里,SQL语句的样子已经初见端倪了,其实我们可以更极端一点,直接使用SQL语句,什么?这样就失去ORM的价值了!别急,这里只是介绍一下支持这种用法,当然我建议不到万不得已,尽量不要这样写,因为可能会有兼容的问题,毕竟各个数据库的SQL方言不一样。不过有一点需要注意的是,如果要直接使用原生SQL语句,在被query()所查询的映射类中,你必须保证语句所指代的列仍然被映射类所管理,比如接下来的例子:
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>>> session.query(User).from_statement(
... "SELECT * FROM users where name=:name" ).\
... params(name = 'ed' ). all ()
SELECT * FROM users where name = ?
( 'ed' ,)
[<User( 'ed' , 'Ed Jones' , 'f8s7ccs' )>]
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我们还可以在query()中直接使用列名来指派我们想要的列而摆脱映射类的束缚:
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>>> session.query( "id" , "name" , "thenumber12" ).\
... from_statement( "SELECT id, name, 12 as "
... "thenumber12 FROM users where name=:name" ).\
... params(name = 'ed' ). all ()
SELECT id , name, 12 as thenumber12 FROM users where name = ?
( 'ed' ,)
[( 1 , u 'ed' , 12 )]
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3. 计数 (Counting)
对于Query来说,计数功能也有个单独的方法称为count():
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>>> session.query(User). filter (User.name.like( '%ed' )).count()
SELECT count( * ) AS count_1
FROM (SELECT users. id AS users_id,
users.name AS users_name,
users.fullname AS users_fullname,
users.password AS users_password
FROM users
WHERE users.name LIKE ?) AS anon_1
( '%ed' ,)
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count()方法被用于确定返回的结果集中有多少行,让我们观察一下产生的SQL语句,SQLAlchemy先是取出符合条件的所有行集合,然后再通过SELECT count(*)来统计有多少行。当然有点SQL知识的同学可能知道这条语句可以以更精简的方式写出来,比如SELECT count(*) FROM table,当然现代版本的SQLAlchemy不会去揣摩这样的想法。
假使我们要让查询语句更加精炼或者要明确要统计的列,我们可以通过表达式func.count()直接使用count函数,比如下面的例子介绍统计并返回每个唯一的用户名字:
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>>> from sqlalchemy import func
>>> session.query(func.count(User.name), User.name).group_by(User.name). all ()
SELECT count(users.name) AS count_1, users.name AS users_name
FROM users GROUP BY users.name
()
[( 1 , u 'ed' ), ( 1 , u 'fred' ), ( 1 , u 'mary' ), ( 1 , u 'wendy' )]
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对于刚才提到的简单SELECT count(*) FROM table语句,我们可以通过下面的例子来实现:
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>>> session.query(func.count( '*' )).select_from(User).scalar()
SELECT count(?) AS count_1
FROM users
( '*' ,)
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当然如果我们直接统计User的主键,上面的语句可以更加简练,我们可以省去select_from()方法:
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>>> session.query(func.count(User. id )).scalar()
SELECT count(users. id ) AS count_1
FROM users
()
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