【SQL篇章】【SQL语句梳理 :--基于MySQL5.6】【已梳理:ALTER TABLE解析】

时间:2023-03-09 13:03:49
【SQL篇章】【SQL语句梳理 :--基于MySQL5.6】【已梳理:ALTER TABLE解析】
ALTER TABLE 解析实例:
SQL:
1.增加列
2.增加列,调整列顺序
3.增加索引
4.增加约束
5.增加全文索引FULL-TEXT
6.改变列的默认值
7.改变列名字(类型,顺序)
8.不改变列名字
9.删除列
10.删除主键
11.删除索引
12.删除约束
13.改表名
14.改变字符集
创建一张表
CREATE TABLE t1 (a INTEGER,b CHAR(10));
1. 增加列
格式:
ADD [COLUMN] (col_name column_definition,...) 
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN c TIMESTAMP;
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| a | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| b | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| c | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

  

2.增加列,调整列顺序{只有FIRST和AFTER}
格式:
ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name ]
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN d int after a;
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| a | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| d | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| b | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| c | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

  

3.增加索引
格式:
ADD {INDEX|KEY} [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD INDEX idx_d(d); (d列增加索引)
表结构:
CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`d` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`b` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
KEY `idx_d` (`d`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

  

4.增加约束
  • Primary key
  • Unique key
  • Foreign key
创建新表:s1,s2,
CREATE TABLE s1(id INT,NAME VARCHAR(10),address CHAR(20));
CREATE TABLE s2(id INT,s1_id INT); 
例子1:
ALTER TABLE s1 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); (列被置成not null)
mysql> desc s1;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| address | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 
例子2:
ALTER TABLE s1 ADD UNIQUE KEY (NAME);
表结构:
mysql> desc s1;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(10) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| address | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
格式:
ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...) reference_definition
例子3:
ALTER TABLE s2 ADD FOREIGN KEY (s1_id) REFERENCES s1 (id); 指向表s1的id列
表结构:
CREATE TABLE `s2` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`s1_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `s1_id` (`s1_id`),
CONSTRAINT `s2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`s1_id`) REFERENCES `s1` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

  

5.增加全文索引FULL-TEXT
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD FULLTEXT full_f (f); 
表结构:
CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`d` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`b` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`f` text,
PRIMARY KEY (`a`),
KEY `idx_d` (`d`),
FULLTEXT KEY `full_f` (`f`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

  

6.改变列的默认值
格式:
ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}  
例子1:
ALTER TABLE t1 ALTER COLUMN a SET DEFAULT '1';  
例子2:
ALTER TABLE t1 ALTER COLUMN d DROP DEFAULT ;
CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`d` int(11),
`b` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`f` text,
PRIMARY KEY (`a`),
KEY `idx_d` (`d`),
FULLTEXT KEY `full_f` (`f`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

  

7.改变列名字(类型,顺序)
CREATE TABLE t1 (a INTEGER,b CHAR(10)); 
格式:
CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name] 
例子:
 ALTER TABLE t3 CHANGE a a_1 INT NOT NULL AFTER b;

  

8.不改变列名字
格式:
MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
例子:
ALTER TABLE t4 MODIFY a INT NOT NULL,CHANGE b c VARCHAR(20);

  

9.删除列
格式:
DROP [COLUMN] col_name
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 DROP COLUMN a;

  

10.删除主键
格式:
DROP PRIMARY KEY
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 DROP PRIMARY KEY;

  

11.删除索引
格式:
DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 DROP INDEX idx_d;

  

12.删除约束
格式:
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol
例子:
ALTER TABLE s2 DROP FOREIGN KEY s2_ibfk_1
s2表结构:
CREATE TABLE `s2` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`s1_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `s1_id` (`s1_id`),
CONSTRAINT `s2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`s1_id`) REFERENCES `s1` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

  

13.改表名
格式:
RENAME [TO|AS] new_tbl_name
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 rename to t2;

  

14.改变字符集
格式:
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name [COLLATE [=] collation_name]
例子:
ALTER TABLE t1 CHARACTER SET = utf8;