- 验证码登录的demo后续可以单独讲解,VIP学员对这部分应该都是掌握的,此处不再赘述
- 本文假设了一个场景
- 你通过OCR识别的验证码是有一定的错误几率的
- 本文是通过识别后的验证码去加一个随机字符,如果取到的是''空字符则可能成功,否则必然不会成功
- 所涉及的python库
- selenium
- ddddocr
- tenacity
上代码
- 细节详见注释
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from tenacity import TryAgain, retry, wait_random
def get_element(locator):
'''
这个函数用来判断是否存在某个元素
'''
try:
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
return WebDriverWait(driver, 5, 0.5).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located(locator))
except:
return False
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.implicitly_wait(5)
driver.get('http://114.116.2.138:8090/forum.php') # 这个地址你可以访问,是我搭建在云端的一个容器,开源论坛
driver.find_element('css selector', '#ls_username').send_keys('admin')
driver.find_element('css selector', '#ls_password').send_keys('123456')
driver.find_element('css selector', 'button.pn.vm').click()
@retry(wait=wait_random(min=3, max=5)) # 等待一个时间区间,3-5s,注意这个时间的下限建议>hint存在的最大时间
def code_login():
'''
这个函数是用来反复验证码登录的
'''
# 验证码元素
ele_code = driver.find_element('css selector', '[id^=vseccode_cS]>img')
import ddddocr
ocr = ddddocr.DdddOcr()
code_text = ocr.classification(ele_code.screenshot_as_png)
# 当失败的时候尤其要注意: 清空已输入的内容
driver.find_element('css selector', 'input[id^=seccodeverify_cS]').clear()
test_data = ['1','a','','2','b']
from random import choice
choice_data = choice(test_data)
# 输入识别后的数据+随机字符
driver.find_element('css selector', 'input[id^=seccodeverify_cS]').send_keys(code_text + choice_data)
# 点击登录
driver.find_element('css selector', "[name='loginsubmit']>strong").click()
# 注意! 你可以去操作网页,点击登录如果失败会弹出提示 "抱歉,验证码填写错误"
hint_locator = 'css selector', '.pc_inner>i'
if get_element(hint_locator): # 如果出现这个元素,就...
# 点击下验证码,刷新一下
driver.find_element('css selector', '[id^=vseccode_cS]>img').click()
# 抛出异常,重跑
raise TryAgain
code_login()
聊聊tenacity
- 这个库将重试这件事基本做透了
1、 无条件重试
- 你疯了
from tenacity import retry
@retry
def retry_without_anything():
print('retry...')
raise Exception # 不加这个可不会重试
retry_without_anything()
2、重试指定次数后停止
from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt
@retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3))
def retry_times():
print(f'retry... times')
raise Exception
retry_times()
- 实际运行的效果是这样
retry... times
retry... times
retry... times
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\Python39\lib\site-packages\tenacity\__init__.py", line 407, in __call__
result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "demo_retry.py", line 20, in retry_times
raise Exception
Exception
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "demo_retry.py", line 23, in <module>
retry_times()
File "D:\Python39\lib\site-packages\tenacity\__init__.py", line 324, in wrapped_f
return self(f, *args, **kw)
File "D:\Python39\lib\site-packages\tenacity\__init__.py", line 404, in __call__
do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
File "D:\Python39\lib\site-packages\tenacity\__init__.py", line 361, in iter
raise retry_exc from fut.exception()
tenacity.RetryError: RetryError[<Future at 0x16628b45460 state=finished raised Exception>]
- 别担心,你可能在最后一次的时候就不抛出异常了。
3、过一定时间后停止重试
from tenacity import retry, stop_after_delay
import arrow
from time import sleep
@retry(stop=stop_after_delay(10))
def retry_times():
print(arrow.now().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss'))
sleep(1)
raise Exception
retry_times()
- 输出像这样
2023-02-21 17:32:01
2023-02-21 17:32:02
2023-02-21 17:32:03
2023-02-21 17:32:04
2023-02-21 17:32:05
2023-02-21 17:32:06
2023-02-21 17:32:07
2023-02-21 17:32:08
2023-02-21 17:32:10
2023-02-21 17:32:11
# 最后抛出异常
4、组合条件
@retry(stop=(stop_after_delay(10) | stop_after_attempt(5)))
def retry_multi_conditions():
print("10秒后或者5次重试后停止重试")
raise Exception
5、重试间隔
-
之前的重试是无缝衔接的
-
你可以让重试之间有延迟
@retry(wait=wait_fixed(2)) def retry_wait_time1(): print(arrow.now().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss')) print("每次重试前等待2秒") raise Exception retry_wait_time1()
-
当然上面的仍然是个无限重试
-
你可以组合前面的停止
@retry(wait=wait_fixed(2),stop=stop_after_attempt(3))
-
重试等待间隔可以设定一个区间(最大最小值)
from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_random import arrow @retry(wait=wait_random(min=1,max=4),stop=stop_after_attempt(3)) def retry_wait_time1(): print(arrow.now().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss')) print("每次重试前等待1~4秒区间") raise Exception retry_wait_time1()
6、是否重试!!!
-
这是最重要的了
-
重试的条件一:引发特定或一般异常的重试
from tenacity import retry, retry_if_exception_type, stop_after_attempt @retry(retry=retry_if_exception_type(ZeroDivisionError), stop= stop_after_attempt(5)) def retry_if_exception(): print('retry...') print(10/0) # 现在触发的就是ZeroDivisionError,如果把此处改为 print(a),则遇到的是NameError,那就不会重试 raise Exception retry_if_exception()
-
引发 TryAgain 异常随时显式重试
-
比如这样
@retry def try_if_condition(): result = 23 if result == 23: raise TryAgain
-
上面的demo中就用到了这个
-
官网还有很多的例子,相对高级一些,如有兴趣可以自行前往或者搜索之