文章目录
一、接口请求
http 请求包含：请求行、请求头、请求体。【关于详情】
http协议报文
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1.请求报文 (请求行/请求头/请求数据/空行) |
请求行：
请求方法字段、URL字段和HTTP协议版本
例如：GET/index.htmlHTTP/1.1
get方法将数据拼接在url后面，传递参数受限
请求方法：
GET、POST、HEAD、PUT、DELETE、OPTIONS、TRACE、CONNECT
请求头(key－value形式)：
User-Agent：产生请求的浏览器类型。
Accept：客户端可识别的内容类型列表。
Host：主机地址
请求数据：
post方法中，会把数据以keyvalue形式发送请求
空行：
发送回车符和换行符，通知服务器以下不再有请求头
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2.响应报文 (状态行、消息报头、响应正文) |
状态行
消息报头
响应正文
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request
import requests
r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events') # 获取网页信息
r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'}) # 发送信息请求
r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'})
r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(r.url) # 有返回，则URL已被正确编码
print(r.text) # 推测的文本编码
print(r.content) # 找到 （HTTP 和 XML自身可以指定编码格式）文本编码
print(r.encoding) # 常用于中文乱码解决。用于修改编码方式（使用 codecs 模块进行注册）
Requests 也可以使用定制的编码：
创建了自己的编码，如r.encoding = ‘ISO-8859-1’ 并使用 codecs 模块进行注册，你就可以轻松地使用这个解码器名称作为 r.encoding 的值， 然后由 Requests 来为你处理编码。
关于【响应中文乱码问题请点击】。
二、二进制请求与响应
GET 请求
以请求返回的二进制数据保存图片，保存文件。
import requests
from PIL import Image
from io import BytesIO
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}
r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
i = Image.open(BytesIO(r.content))
with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size):
fd.write(chunk)
POST 请求
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) # 简单地传递一个字典给 data 参数
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) # 传递str 而不是dict，数据会被直接发布出去。
print(r.text)
print(r.content)
print(r.url)
print(r.status_code)
多部分编码(Multipart-Encoded)的文件
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
# 显式地设置文件名，文件类型和请求头
files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': '0'})}
# 发送作为文件来接收的字符串
files = {'file': ('report.csv', 'some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n')}
>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
建议你用二进制模式(binary mode)打开文件。这是因为 Requests 可能会试图为你提供 Content-Length header，在它这样做的时候，这个值会被设为文件的字节数（bytes）。如果用文本模式(text mode)打开文件，就可能会发生错误。
最好先用二进制的形式打开文件，将其编码成base64来进行传输：
a = open("pdf_reference.pdf", "rb").read().encode("base64")
带参数，带请求头
小示例：
import requests
import json
url = 'http://official-account/app/messages/group'
body = {"type": "text", "content": "text", "tag_id": "20717"}
headers = {'content-type': "application/json", 'Authorization': 'APP appid = 4abf1a,token = 9480295ab2e2eddb8'}
response = requests.post(url, data = json.dumps(body), headers = headers)
三、关于图片的请求
图片和二进制格式互转
# 以 二进制方式 进行图片读取
with open("img.jpg","rb") as f:
img_bin = f.read() # 以二进制方式读取的图片内容
# 将 图片的二进制内容 转成 真实图片
with open("img.jpg","wb") as f:
f.write(img_bin) # img_bin里面保存着二进制流的图片内容
图片转成字节数组 image2bytearray
我打印了这两者输出，有些微差别，可以都试一下
import io
from PIL import Image
#================ 方法一 ===================
img = Image.open(r"C:\Users\xxx\Desktop\111.png", mode='r')
imgByteArr = io.BytesIO()
img.save(imgByteArr, format='png')
imgByteArr = imgByteArr.getvalue()
print('imgByteArr:',imgByteArr)
#================ 方法二 ==================
data = open(r"C:\Users\xxx\Desktop\111.png", 'rb').read()
print('bytearray:',bytearray(data))
安装依赖：pip3 install Pillow
from io import BytesIO
from PIL import Image
import requests
res = requests.get('http://p1.pstatp.com/list/300x196/pgc-image/152923179745640a81b1fdc.webp', stream=True) # 获取字节流最好加stream这个参数
byte_stream = BytesIO(res.content) # 把请求到的数据转换为Bytes字节流(这样解释不知道对不对，可以参照[廖雪峰](https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431918785710e86a1a120ce04925bae155012c7fc71e000)的教程看一下)
roiImg = Image.open(byte_stream) # Image打开Byte字节流数据
imgByteArr = io.BytesIO() # 创建一个空的Bytes对象
roiImg.save(imgByteArr, format='PNG') # PNG就是图片格式，我试过换成JPG/jpg都不行
imgByteArr = imgByteArr.getvalue() # 这个就是保存的图片字节流
# 写入本地
with open("./abc.png", "wb") as f:
f.write(imgByteArr)
#================ 方法三 ==================
img = Image.open(BytesIO(byte_stream))
img.save(save_name + img.format, quality=95)
img = Image.open(BytesIO(byte_stream))
img.save(save_name + img.format, quality=95)
img = Image.frombytes("RGB", (18,18), img) # 图片格式，图片大小，图片数据流
img.save("111.png")
四、Python调用WebService接口
关于WebService查看【wiki网址】。 Python的WebService开发库是soaplib。 【关于开发示例】 Suds: 是一个轻量级的SOAP客户端，suds-jurko是suds的一个分支版本。
suds：https://pypi.org/project/suds/ 最近维护时间: Sep 15, 2010
suds-jurko 0.4.1.jurko.2：https://pypi.org/project/suds-jurko/0.4.1.jurko.2/最近维护时间:Dec 25, 2011
安装 pip install suds 安装：pip install suds-jurko==0.4.1.jurko.2
免费的webserver网址：http://www.webxml.com.cn/zh_cn/web_services.aspx
测试工具：
接口使用cxf编写：SoapUI 5.2.1：下载地址，测试查看1。测试查看2。 也可以用：Webservice测试工具 Storm测试。
#encoding:utf-8
import json
from suds.client import Client
# import logging
# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
# logging.getLogger('suds.client').setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# username = 'api_user'
# password = 'api_pwd'
url="http://192.168.18.74/api/Calculator/soap11/description"
headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/soap+xml; charset="UTF-8"'}
client = Client(url,headers=headers,faults=False,timeout=15)
def call_api_test(num1,num2):
try:
#--WSDL请求Header----------------------------------------------
# auth = client.factory.create('AuthenticationInfo')
# auth.userName = username
# auth.password = password
# client.set_options(soapheaders=auth)
#--WSDL请求Body----------------------------------------------
result = client.service.add(a=num1,b=num2)
if result[0] == 200:
return (True, result[1])
else:
return (False, result[1])
except Exception as e:
return (False, e)
if __name__ == '__main__': #get_software
a= call_api_test(2,3)
print (json.loads(a[1]))
python3测试一个小案例
from suds.client import Client
url = "http://www.webxml.com.cn/webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx?wsdl"
client = Client(url) #创建Webservice Client对象
print(client) #打印出Client对象所有的方法
result = client.service.qqCheckOnline("xxxxxxxx") #使用client.service.qqCheckOnline方法
print("结果为："+result)
suds-community 0.8.4：https://pypi.org/project/suds-community/ 最近维护时间: Dec 22, 2019
安装：pip install suds-community
from suds.client import Client
# 连接到webservice服务，获取查询天气服务方法
client = Client('http://ws.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/WeatherWS.asmx?wsdl')
print(client)
报错：suds.TypeNotFound: Type not found:
# 解决错误
from suds.client import Client
from suds.xsd.doctor import ImportDoctor, Import
# 导入正确的命名空间。
imp = Import('http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema', location='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema.xsd')
imp.filter.add('http://WebXml.com.cn/')
doctor = ImportDoctor(imp)
client = Client('http://ws.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/WeatherWS.asmx?wsdl', doctor=doctor)
print(client)
五、Python HmacSHA1 加密与签名
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json
import math
import os
import io
import requests
import time
import datetime
import hashlib
import codecs
import uuid
import traceback
def testapi():
appkey = "5daexxxx" #这里输入提供的app_key
appsecret = "dcf85ca2a9a2c1dfe3e45905xxxxxxxx" #这里输入提供的app_secret
api_url = "https://xxxx/v1/item/xxxx"
image_url = "http://xxxxt/img/sample.jpg"
result = {}
try:
timestamp = int(time.time()) # generate timestamp
m = hashlib.md5()
token = appkey + "+" + str(timestamp) + "+" + appsecret
m.update(token.encode('utf-8'))
token = m.hexdigest() # generate token
# post request
data = {'image_url': image_url, 'app_key': appkey, 'timestamp': str(timestamp), 'token': token}
r = requests.post(api_url, data=data)
if r.status_code != 200:
print("failed to get info from : ", image_url)
else:
result = r.json()
print(result)
except:
traceback.print_exc()
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
testapi()
import requests, json
import base64
import time
import hmac
import hashlib
import os
def get_img(img_paths):
img_list = []
for paths,dirs,filenames in os.walk(img_paths):
for filename in filenames:
if filename.endswith('.jpg'):
img_list.append(paths+'/'+filename)
return img_list
def POST(img_path):
api_url = "http://192.168.x.x:8000/xx/xx/xxxx"
encryptKey = 'xx+zkudjZIGM/KbppeVSTemJpMErh31+xx/xx=='
with open(img_path, 'rb') as f:
base64_data = base64.b64encode(f.read())
imgdata = base64_data.decode()
params = {"appId":'xxxxxxxxxxx',
'data': {"imgBase64":imgdata},
"format": "json",
"noncestr": "sdkfhjsdjkfsdgf",
"timestamp": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime()),
"version": "V1.0"
}
encryptText = 'appId='+params["appId"]+'&data={"imgBase64":"'+params["data"]['imgBase64']+\
'"}&format=json&noncestr=xxxxxx×tamp='+params['timestamp']+'version=V1.0'
print(encryptText)
sign = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(bytes(encryptKey,'utf-8'), bytes(encryptText,'utf-8'), digestmod='sha1').digest())
r = requests.post(api_url, sign)
print(r)
print(r.status_code)
print(r.json)
if __name__ == '__main__':
img_path = './201920100013253001_30302_02.jpg'
POST(img_path)
python2.7post请求示例
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import urllib
import urllib2
import mimetools, mimetypes
import os
import json
import sys
import shutil
import base64
def get_files(input_path):
file_list = []
for root,dirs,filenames in os.walk(input_path):
for filename in filenames:
if filename.endswith((".jpg",".tif",".jpeg",".png",".JPG",".TIF",".JPEG",".PNG")):
file_list.append(root+"/"+filename)
return file_list
class Callable:
def __init__(self, anycallable):
self.__call__ = anycallable
class MultipartPostHandler(urllib2.BaseHandler):
handler_order = urllib2.HTTPHandler.handler_order - 10 # needs to run first
def http_request(self, request):
data = request.get_data()
if data is not None and type(data) != str:
v_files = []
v_vars = []
try:
for key, value in data.items():
if type(value) == file:
v_files.append((key, value))
else:
v_vars.append((key, value))
except TypeError:
systype, value, traceback = sys.exc_info()
raise TypeError, "not a valid non-string sequence or mapping object", traceback
if len(v_files) == 0:
data = urllib.urlencode(v_vars, 1)
else:
boundary, data = self.multipart_encode(v_vars, v_files)
contenttype = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
if request.has_header('Content-Type') \
and request.get_header('Content-Type').find('multipart/form-data') != 0:
print "Replacing %s with %s" % (request.get_header('content-type'), 'multipart/form-data')
request.add_unredirected_header('Content-Type', contenttype)
request.add_data(data)
return request
def multipart_encode(vars, files, boundary=None, buffer=None):
if boundary is None:
boundary = mimetools.choose_boundary()
if buffer is None:
buffer = ''
for key, value in vars:
buffer += '--%s\r\n' % boundary
buffer += 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
buffer += '\r\n\r\n' + value + '\r\n'
for key, fd in files:
filename = os.path.basename(fd.name)
contenttype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or 'application/octet-stream'
buffer += '--%s\r\n' % boundary
buffer += 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"\r\n' % (key, filename)
buffer += 'Content-Type: %s\r\n' % contenttype
fd.seek(0)
buffer += '\r\n' + fd.read() + '\r\n'
buffer += '--%s--\r\n\r\n' % boundary
return boundary, buffer
multipart_encode = Callable(multipart_encode)
https_request = http_request
class Verify_Code_Test:
def __init__(self):
self.data = {"channel_num": 'TEST', "file_id": "", "file_content": ""}
def image_2_string(self, img_path):
try:
self.data["file_id"] = img_path.split('/')[-1]
with open(img_path, 'rb') as rf:
data0 = rf.read()
image_base64 = base64.b64encode(data0)
self.data["file_content"] = image_base64.decode()
return True
except Exception as e:
print(str(e))
return False
def verify_code(self, img_path):
if self.image_2_string(img_path):
opener = urllib2.build_opener(MultipartPostHandler)
data = json.dumps(self.data)
resp = opener.open('http://127.0.0.1:5000/verify_code', data)
print resp.read()
if __name__ == '__main__':
verify_code_test = Verify_Code_Test()
verify_code_test.verify_code("./images/icbc.png")
参考与鸣谢： 字节数组
http://2.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html http://2.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/advanced.html#advanced
