《C语言程序设计》 课程教学设计
张*
一、教学定位
本课程为专业基础课,属我校所有理工科专业本科教学计划中的主要必修课程之一。在计算机教育方面, C 语言是为数不多的与国外保持内容同步的课程之一,可见,它在本科生教学中的地位之重要不言而喻。由于 C 语言是许多后续专业课程的基础,因此,在本科生教学体系中中, C 语言教学仅是起点,而非终点。
本着面向未来的精神,本课程的教学宗旨是要努力把 C 语言从应试课程转变为一种实践工具,主要目的不再局限于使学生单纯地了解和掌握 C 语言的基本语法规范,而是要致力于培养学生运用 C 语言解决实际问题的编程能力, 以 C 语言为工具,介绍程序设计的基本思想和方法,培养学生无论以后在学习、工作中使用什么语言编程,都能灵活应用这些思想和方法的能力。
二、教学内容
第 1 章 程序设计 ABC
计算机与人之间的关系、计算机与程序设计语言之间的关系、程序设计语言的故事、程序设计语言的工作机理。
第 2 章 数据类型、运算符与表达式
为什么引入数据类型、 C 语言基本数据类型、常量、变量、 算术运算符、关系运算符、逻辑运算符、赋值运算符、增 1 减 1 运算符、强制类型转换运算符、位运算符、逗号运算符、运算符的优先级和结合性、各种运算表达式。
第 3 章 简单的 C 程序设计
C 语句分类、表达式语句、复合语句和空语句、字符输入输出函数、格式输入输出函数。
第 4 章 程序的控制结构
算法的概念及其描述方法、条件语句、循环语句、流程转移控制语句( goto 、 continue 和 break )、自顶向下、逐步求精的结构化程序设计方法。
第 5 章 函数
程序结构的艺术、函数定义、函数调用、函数返回值、函数原型、参数传递、变量的作用域和存储类,函数封装、模块分解原则、模块化程序设计方法。
第 6 章 数组
一维数组、二维数组、向函数传递一维数组、向函数传递二维数组、字符数组、字符串处理函数。
第 7 章 指针
指针的概念、为什么引入指针的概念、变量的指针作函数参数、字符指针做函数参数、指针和数组之间的关系、指针数组、代码风格、防御性程序设计。
第 8 章 结构体和共用体
结构体类型、结构体变量、结构体数组、向函数传递结构体指针、共用体类型。
第 10 章 文件操作
计算机中的流、文件、基本文件操作、高级文件操作。
复习总结
三、教学方法
第 1 章 程序设计 ABC ( 1 学时)
教学目的:掌握有关 C 语言程序设计的基本知识。
教学内容:程序语言的发展简史;计算机语言分类; C 语言的发展简史及特点; C 语言的程序结构; C 语言的常用符号和计算机内存模型。
本章重点: C 语言的编制的全过程
本章难点: C 语言的编制的全过程
计算机内存模型
教学方法:用最通俗的语言,以讲故事的方式,向学生展现计算机以及程序设计的无穷魅力,让学生了解计算机对人类生活的影响,它是如何获得如此魔力的,程序设计扮演什么样的角色,程序设计语言是怎样的语言,怎样驾驭程序设计语言,成为“编程高手”。
第 2 章 数据类型、运算符与表达式 ( 3 学时)
教学目的:掌握 C 语言的数据类型,变量和常量的使用;
掌握常用运算符,表达式的使用。
教学内容:基本数据类型;常量和变量;标识符命名;常用运算符和表达式;运算符的优先级与结合性。
本章重点:数据类型、变量、运算符。
本章难点: ++ 、 -- 运算符在表达式中的应用。
教学方法:如果直接介绍数据类型和运算符,不仅会让学生感到枯燥乏味,而且在学生对程序无任何直观印象的前提下,讲这些内容,学生也不知教师所云何物。应该让学生知道知识的来龙去脉,介绍为什么要讲这些内容。即先从一个简单的两整型数相加的例子开始讲起,归纳出 C 程序的基本结构特点、常见符号分类,从而引出数据类型和运算符的概念,然后在介绍具体的数据类型之前,介绍数据为什么要区分类型?从机器语言到高级语言再到面向对象语言的发展过程中,数据类型是如何引入的?是如何从基本数据类型到用户构造数据类型再到抽象数据类型发展起来的?这种发展的意义何在?让学生不仅知其然,而且知其所以然。
第 3 章 简单的 C 程序设计 ( 2 学时)
教学目的:掌握编写简单的 C 语言程序(顺序结构)。
教学内容: C 语句分类、字符输入输出函数、格式输入输出函数。
本章重点:表达式语句和格式输入输出函数。
本章难点:格式化输入输出时格式控制符与变量的匹配;
教学方法:从一个计算存款本利之和的实际例子入手,阐明程序设计中最简单的结构就是顺序结构,在顺序结构程序中,用到的基本操作就是赋值和输入输出,从而引出用于赋值操作的表达式语句以及用于输入输出操作的各种输入输出函数。
第 4 章 程序的控制结构 ( 5 学时)
教学目的:熟练掌握程序的基本控制结构和基本控制语句;掌握常用的算法(如递推、迭代、穷举法等)。
教学内容:算法的描述方法、基本控制结构及基本控制语句、常用算法、程序的版式、结构化程序设计的基本思想、程序测试与改错
本章重点: 1 )条件语句 在控制流程时的区别和相互联系;
2 )三种循环语句在控制流程时的区别和相互联系;
本章难点: 1 ) 设计累加和累乘算法,并寻找累加项或累乘项的构成规律;
2 )多重循时条件的设定。
教学方法:根据日常中需要判定后才能解决的问题的解题过程提出分支结构;介绍用 if 、 switch 构成的几种分支结构及使用实例。特别注意分支结构中 break 语句的使用。用简单的有规律的累加问题引出循环问题,给出几种循环结构的形式,用实例说明各种循环结构的异同,提出需要注意的问题。最后用循环及分支结构的综合应用实例让学生进一步理解两种结构的实际应用面。
第 5 章 函数 ( 4 学时)
教学目的: 掌握函数定义和函数原型说明的方法及二者的区别;
掌握函数的参数传递方式与函数调用方法;
理解掌握变量的作用域和存储类的概念;
了解模块化设计方法。
教学内容:函数的定义、返回值、函数的调用与参数传递、函数原型的说明,
函数封装、变量的作用域和存储类。
本章重点: 1 )函数的定义、函数的调用方式及函数参数的传递(单向值传递);
2 ) 变量的作用域和变量的存储类别
本章难点: 1 )正确理解“单向值传递”的函数参数传递方式;
2 )理解自动变量与静态局部变量在应用中的区别;
3 )在实际应用中,学会采用模块化设计方法解决问题。
教学方法:不要直接引入函数的概念,那样不会引起学生的兴趣,也不会让学生认识到函数在程序设计中的重要性,可以从《三国演义》故事开始讲起,《三国演义》中有这样一段描写: 懿问曰:“孔明寝食及事之烦简若何?”使者曰:“丞相夙兴夜寐,罚二十以上皆亲览焉。所啖之食,日不过数升。”懿顾谓诸将曰:“孔明食少事烦,其能久乎?” 此话音落不久,诸葛亮果然病故于五丈原。“食少”可能因为身体欠佳,而“事烦”则纯粹是诸葛亮自己给自己套上的枷锁。他的行事原则就是“事无巨细”,“事必躬亲”,落得个手下一干能人无从发挥,新人没有锻炼机会,自己积劳成疾,最后“蜀中无大将,廖化当先锋”。管理学的观点是极其排斥这种做法的,认为工作必须分工,各司其职,每人发挥专长。其中的思想,在程序设计里也适用。
从而自然地得出结论:程序设计是一门艺术,主要体现在算法设计和结构设计上。就如同建筑,假设结构不科学,外表再华丽的大楼,也难逃倾覆的命运。对于一个软件项目来说,用户能看到的只有功能、界面、运行速度和价格等。虽然我们可以在 main() 里书写任意行数的代码,完成全部功能,提供友好界面,保证运行速度并尽力压缩成本。但这样的 main() 就好比是诸葛亮, “ 事必躬身 ” ,即便聪颖过人,也是 “ 其能久乎 ” 。这样的程序将造就很多的 “ 不可能 ” :不可能稳定可靠,不可能精炼高效,不可能与时俱进,不可能控制进度 …… 。
面对上述的诸多不可能,怎么办?答案是:给程序一个好的结构!而函数和模块正是 C 语言为实现一个好结构程序的两样武器。
当函数和模块在程序设计中的重要性解释清楚以后,学生才有兴趣和愿望去进一步了解如何定义和使用函数。
第 6 章 数组 ( 4 学时)
教学目的:掌握数组的概念及一、二维数组的定义、初始化和引用方法;
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掌握用一、二维数组的数组名作为函数参数进行编程的方法;
掌握用字符数组进行字符串处理操作的方法;
教学内容:数组的定义、引用和初始化、一维数组应用举例、一维数组名作函数参数、二维数组应用举例 ;二维数组作函数参数应用举例、字符数组与字符串的关系、字符数组的输入输出、字符串处理函数、字符数组应用举例。
本章重点: 1 )一维数组、二维数组及字符数组的定义;
2 ) 一维数组、二维数组及字符数组作为函数的参数传递方式;
本章难点:选择法排序;
教学方法:从对 100 个学生的成绩进行管理入手,阐述数组数据类型产生的必要性, 整个这一章内容也都是紧紧围绕着学生成绩管理方面的实际问题来探讨 C 程序设计的方法的,因此,在这一章中,会涉及到很多常用算法,如求最大 值、排序、查找等。
由于这些算法都是围绕着学生成绩管理来展开的,而且在讲解这些算法时,教师可以借助于多媒体生动的演示功能,或者干脆叫几个学生到黑板前面来,现场演示如何找到个子最高的学生,如何将他们按照个头高矮来排队,如何在队列里插入一位新同学,如何在队列里查找一位同学等等,这样,不仅不会让学生感到枯燥乏味,活跃了课堂气氛,而且还能给学生留下深刻的印象,使得原本枯燥的算法变得简单易懂。
第 7 章 指针 ( 4 学时)
教学目的:掌握指针的概念及其与数组之间的关系;
掌握通过指针对一维数组进行操作的方法;
掌握通过字符指针对字符串进行操作的方法;
掌握一些常用的基本算法,如求最大最小值、排序、查找、插入、删除等;
了解通过指针数组对多个字符串进行操作的方法;
了解命令行参数的使用方法;
教学内容:指针的概念、为什么引入指针的概念、变量的指针与变量的指针作为函数参数、字符指针与字符指针作为函数参数
指针和数组间的联系、指针数组、带参数的 main 函数和命令行参数
本章重点: 指针与数组的关系;
本章难点: 1 ) 指针的概念以及一维、二维数组与指针之间的关系;
2 )字符指针在字符串处理操作中的应用;
3 )指向数组的指针与指针数组之间的区别;
教学方法:指针是本课程的难点,教师在介绍这一章内容时,要注意以下三个问题:
1 )不能把指针说得太难太可怕,未学之前先把学生吓倒,要让学生知道:首先指针不过是 C 语言提供的一种比较特殊的数据类型而已,定义为指针类型的变量与其它类型的变量相比,主要差别在于指针变量的值 是一个内存地址。其次,在 C 语言中,指针和数组之间有着密不可分的关系,不带下标的数组名就是一个指针,它代表数组元素的首地址,只要让声明为相同基类型的指针变量指向数组元素的首地址,那么对数组元素的引用,既可以用下标法,也可以用指针法,用指针法存取数组比用数组下标存取数组速度快一些。反之,任何指针变量也可以取下标,可以像对待数组一样来使用。因此, 只要 从原理上掌握了指针的概念,它就会变得如此简单而易用。
2 )为什么要引入指针类型?指针类型是否可有可无?究竟指针可以解决什么问题?教师可以通过编写一个实现两数交换功能的函数,来阐述简单变量作函数参数和指针变量作函数参数究竟有什么不同?进而说明指针为函数提供了修改调用变元的一种手段。
3 )如何避免发生指针方面的错误? 应该坦白地告诉学生,指针是 C 语言最强的特性之一,但同时它也是最危险的特性之一,就像一把利剑,它可以削铁如泥,帮助我们杀敌,同时如果使用不慎,也会伤害到我们自己,例如错误的使用指针导致的错误通常都难于定位,而且通常后果也比较严重,但这一事实并不能构成我们放弃使用指针的理由。
只要我们恪守以下两条原则,就不会出现指针未初始化、数组下标越界这类非法内存访问错误。
? 永远要清楚每个指针指向了什么位置;
? 永远要清楚每个指针指向的位置中的内容是什么。
第 8 章 结构体和共用体 ( 4 学时)
教学目的:理解自定义数据类型 (user defined data type) 结构体的意义 .
掌握结构体的定义、引用方法、初始化方法
掌握结构体与数组、指针、函数的关系
教学内容:结构体类型的声明、结构体变量的定义、引用、初始化、 typedef 的使用、指向结构体的指针的定义、结构体数组的定义、指向结构体数组的指针
结构体与函数、共用体
本章重点:结构体的引用 ;动态数据类型的基本处理方法
本章难点: 结构体的声明方法;
结构体嵌套的成员引用、结构体指针变量的成员引用;
使用结构体数组进行表格的管理与实现;
指向结构体数组的指针;
结构体在函数参数传递中的应用;
对共用体的共用内存的理解;
教学方法:利用两维表格数据处理问题引出构造的结构体类型。介绍结构体类型的定义、结构体类型变量的定义和使用,利用实例(简单的学生情况管理问题)让学生了解结构体在实践中的应用,了解指针与结构体的关系及使用。
第 10 章 文件操作 ( 2 学时)
教学目的:了解文件内数据的组织形式
掌握 C 语言对文件的操作库函数(文件打开、文件关闭及文件读写函数)
教学内容:文件指针、打开和关闭、按字符读写文件、按数据块读写文件、按格式读写文件。
本章重点:文件的概念;文件的使用 ;
本章难点: · fopen 函数和 fclose 函数的使用方法,注意对文件进行读写之前应使用 fopen 函数打开文件,在使用结束后应使用 fclose 函数关闭文件;
? 几种文件读写函数的区别及其灵活运用:
? 对指定文件进行一个字符输入 / 输出时使用 fgetc 、 fputc 函数 ; ;
? 对指定文件进行格式化读写使用 fscanf 、 fprintf 函数;
? 对指定文件进行块读写使用 fread 、 fwrite 函数;
? rewind 和 fseek 文件定位函数的区别及其使用方法:
? rewind 函数强制使文件的位置指针指向文件的开头;
? fseek 函数控制文件位置的指针进行随机读写;
教学方法:通过数据的长久保存及数据共享等问题引出数据文件的概念。介绍文件的基本概念和简单的使用。利用实例让学生了解文件处理时用到的相关函数及数据文件处理的过程。
非典型性C语言教程2.1.1 读取文本文件
1.0中,已经基本把C语言的很多语言上的特性,以及常见的问题浏览了一遍了。2.0开始就是一些具体的实际应用。不过实话说,C语言要完成图形化程序是 非常麻烦的,现在用C语言的地方很多就是嵌入式,或者服务器程序。首先将如何操作文件。这篇的大部分内容再以前的一篇特别篇讲过。
C 语言是为了写Unix诞生的,所以C语言的I/O系统遵循了Unix的I/O体系,或者说Unix遵循了C的,这就是一个鸡和弹的问题。Unix的I/O 将一切外部设备视为文件,有5个基本的I/O函数open, close, read, write和ioctl。其中ioctl是一个控制设备用的函数,对于文件基本不需要这个函数,其他的对应与C语言中的文件函数就是fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite。Unix将文件视为一个字节流,windows也采用了这种方式。
对一个文件进行I/O 时,首先需要fopen, 这个函数返回一个文件指针,其他文件I/O函数都要使用这个指针,fopen函数有两个参数,第一个是文件名字,第二个是打开方式。文件名字好理解,符合 前面讲到的文件树的规则就可以了,容易引起困惑的是文本方式打开文件和二进制方式打开文件有什么区别?我个人认为由于文件本身是无差别的字节流,所以两种 方式没有区别,但有一次在读取设备采集的原始数据时出了个错误。在windows平台下,以文本方式打开文件时,读取到一个0x1D字节时,就认为文件结 束了,feof函数返回真了,而实际上文件后面还有好大一块,而以二进制方式打开则一直读到实际的文件尾。这个估计就是文本方式和二进制方式打开文件的区 别。
举个例子,一个32位数字0x0000200十进制数512,可以以两种方式存在文件中。第一种是人易读的方式"512",存储3个 字符,每个字符按ASCII码存放,这样用一个文本编辑器打开,人可以容易的读到这个数是512。 第二种方式是以机器易读的方式直接存储4个字节一个32位的00 00 02 00,这样机器容易读取这个数是512,直接内存拷贝就可以。 否则机器就要首先将"512"读每一个字符, 然后将"5"这个字符的ASCII码转换成5, 最后执行一个5*100+1*10+2才能得到512这个数。fwrite和fread都是机器易读的方式。 从文件中将00 00 02 00读入一个int类型变量,用fread写就是
fread(&a, sizeof(int), 1, fp);
即从文件中读取一个大小为sizeof(int)的内容到内存地址&a。
相应的fwrite形式是
fwrite(&a, sizeof(int), 1, fp);
若文件中存储的是人易读的形式比如 “512 ”,那么要处理就最好使用fscanf和fprintf。
可能你熟悉scanf和printf,实际上这两个函数是用fscanf和fprintf实现的。scanf和printf是操作的标准输入输出设备,stdin和stdout。由于一切都是文件这两个设备也被当作是文件,scanf实际上是
fscanf(stdin, "....", ......),
而printf实际是
fprintf(stdout, "...", ...);
这样碰到全是用文本书写的数据就好读取了, 和从命令行读和写是一样的。比如有一种试验生成的数据文件格式是: (没有文件头,为了清晰加上时间等标签)
名字 电压 速度 转速
A20 12.8 38.9 2000
那么读取这种数据文件的代码类似与
FILE* fpin, *fpout; if((fpin=fopen(argv[1],"r"))==NULL) { printf("Can't open Input file %s/n", argv[1]); return -1; } while(!feof(fpin)) { fscanf(fpin, "%s %f %f %d",Name, &V, &S, &M); }
是不是和scanf的用法很类似。 有时可能不是这么简单的数据格式 需要稍微做点改动。现在大量的试验数据都是这种格式的数据,因为Matlab可以简单的用一句话把它载入到内存的一个矩阵变量中。
上 面的例子是读的, 把fscanf换成fprintf就实现了格式化写文件,和你用printf输出一模一样,需要注意的是写完一定要记得 fclose 。 因为f这一组的文件I/O函数是缓冲式读写,如果你不fclose文件,程序结束的时候系统会帮你调用fclose。但是如果程序中途崩溃了,你打开文件 一看,可能什么也没有。或者你先写了一个文件,没有fclose, 后面马上又读了这个文件,也很有可能因为还在内存的缓冲区没有写到磁盘上去导致你后面什么也读不出来。
这是个特别篇,更详细的文件I/O,后面会详细给出。