- #-*- encoding=utf-8 -*-
- print '----------------------方法1--------------------------'
- #方法1,实现__new__方法
- #并在将一个类的实例绑定到类变量_instance上,
- #如果cls._instance为None说明该类还没有实例化过,实例化该类,并返回
- #如果cls._instance不为None,直接返回cls._instance
- class Singleton(object):
- def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
- if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
- orig = super(Singleton, cls)
- cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
- return cls._instance
- class MyClass(Singleton):
- a = 1
- one = MyClass()
- two = MyClass()
- two.a = 3
- print one.a
- #3
- #one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
- print id(one)
- #29097904
- print id(two)
- #29097904
- print one == two
- #True
- print one is two
- #True
- print '----------------------方法2--------------------------'
- #方法2,共享属性;所谓单例就是所有引用(实例、对象)拥有相同的状态(属性)和行为(方法)
- #同一个类的所有实例天然拥有相同的行为(方法),
- #只需要保证同一个类的所有实例具有相同的状态(属性)即可
- #所有实例共享属性的最简单最直接的方法就是__dict__属性指向(引用)同一个字典(dict)
- #可参看:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66531/
- class Borg(object):
- _state = {}
- def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
- ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
- ob.__dict__ = cls._state
- return ob
- class MyClass2(Borg):
- a = 1
- one = MyClass2()
- two = MyClass2()
- #one和two是两个不同的对象,id, ==, is对比结果可看出
- two.a = 3
- print one.a
- #3
- print id(one)
- #28873680
- print id(two)
- #28873712
- print one == two
- #False
- print one is two
- #False
- #但是one和two具有相同的(同一个__dict__属性),见:
- print id(one.__dict__)
- #30104000
- print id(two.__dict__)
- #30104000
- print '----------------------方法3--------------------------'
- #方法3:本质上是方法1的升级(或者说高级)版
- #使用__metaclass__(元类)的高级python用法
- class Singleton2(type):
- def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
- super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
- cls._instance = None
- def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
- if cls._instance is None:
- cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
- return cls._instance
- class MyClass3(object):
- __metaclass__ = Singleton2
- one = MyClass3()
- two = MyClass3()
- two.a = 3
- print one.a
- #3
- print id(one)
- #31495472
- print id(two)
- #31495472
- print one == two
- #True
- print one is two
- #True
- print '----------------------方法4--------------------------'
- #方法4:也是方法1的升级(高级)版本,
- #使用装饰器(decorator),
- #这是一种更pythonic,更elegant的方法,
- #单例类本身根本不知道自己是单例的,因为他本身(自己的代码)并不是单例的
- def singleton(cls):
- instances = {}
- def _singleton(, *args, **kw):
- if cls not in instances:
- instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
- return instances[cls]
- return _singleton
- @singleton
- class MyClass4(object):
- a = 1
- def __init__(self, x=0):
- self.x = x
- one = MyClass4()
- two = MyClass4()
- two.a = 3
- print one.a
- #3
- print id(one)
- #29660784
- print id(two)
- #29660784
- print one == two
- #True
- print one is two
- #True
- one.x = 1
- print one.x
- #1
- print two.x
- #1