当 C++ 遇上音乐

时间:2022-09-28 21:34:31

前几天在洛谷日报征文中看到了这样一篇文章:C++不止能做题。作为原来校管弦乐队的一名成员,而后因为信息完全放弃了管弦乐队,我看完是又激动又怀念。于是我自行去研究了一下:C++ 如何让蜂鸣器叫出乐曲。

由于本人乐理只有五线谱D2-2级,数学成绩中游,信息也只有普及组水平。如果有哪里写错了,望大家指正、轻 D。


首先需要知道两个函数:

#include <windows.h>

Beep( f, t );
Sleep( t );

Beep() 函数可以让蜂鸣器发出频率为 \(f\) 赫兹,音长大约为 \(2t\) 毫秒的音。(注意是 \(2t\))

Sleep() 函数可以当做休止符用。它可以让程序停止运行 \(t\) 毫秒的时间。

如果想知道每个音对应的频率,可以自行百度十二平均律频率表。以下是三个最常用的八度的频率:

// _在前表示低音, 在后表示高音
// o表示升
const int _oC = 277, _oD = 311, _oF = 370, _oG = 415, _oA = 466;
const int _C = 262, _D = 294, _E = 330, _F = 349, _G = 392, _A = 440, _B = 494;
const int oC = 554, oD = 622, oF = 740, oG = 831, oA = 932;
const int C = 523, D = 578, E = 659, F = 698, G = 784, A = 880, B = 988;
const int C_ = 1047, D_ = 1175, E_ = 1319, F_ = 1397, G_ = 1568, A_ = 1760, B_ = 1976;
const int oC_ = 1109, oD_ = 1245, oF_ = 1480, oG_ = 1661, oA_ = 1865;

(为了偷懒方便,这当中我统一把降音变成了升音……比如降 \(\text{B}\) 我就用升 \(\text{A}\) 代替。)

接下来考虑如何计算 \(t\)。在编程中,我们可以设置一个常量 \(T\) 表示单拍子的时长的一半(因为 Beep 函数中调用的 \(t\) 就是时长的一半)。这样,如果一个音符占半拍,那么它的时长 \(t = \frac{T}{2}\);如果一个音符占两拍,那么它的时长 \(t = 2T\);如果一个休止符占一拍,那么它的时长 \(t = 2T\)(请特别注意 Sleep 函数与 Beep 函数中 \(t\) 的区别)。另外,在乐曲结尾经常有无限延长记号。无限延长记号一般是延长到 \(6\) 到 \(8\) 拍,最好不要超过 \(10\) 拍。

那么如何计算这个常量 \(T\) 呢?在一般谱子的左上角,都会有 ♩ = 76、♩ = 84 之类的符号,这意味着该曲以四分音符为一拍,每分钟 76 / 84 拍(取决于等号后面的数字)。

接下来就是小学数学题了。以 ♩ = 76 为例。每分钟 \(60000\) 毫秒,每分钟 \(76\) 拍,那么每拍占 \(\frac{60000}{76}\) 毫秒,可以近似取到 \(800\)。又因为 \(T\) 是时长的一半,所以 \(T\) 就应该取 \(\frac{800}{2}\),也就是 \(400\)。

知道了这些以后,我们看一个例子(小星星):

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std; // _在前表示低音, 在后表示高音
// o表示升
const int _oC = 277, _oD = 311, _oF = 370, _oG = 415, _oA = 466;
const int _C = 262, _D = 294, _E = 330, _F = 349, _G = 392, _A = 440, _B = 494;
const int oC = 554, oD = 622, oF = 740, oG = 831, oA = 932;
const int C = 523, D = 578, E = 659, F = 698, G = 784, A = 880, B = 988;
const int C_ = 1047, D_ = 1175, E_ = 1319, F_ = 1397, G_ = 1568, A_ = 1760, B_ = 1976;
const int oC_ = 1109, oD_ = 1245, oF_ = 1480, oG_ = 1661, oA_ = 1865; const int T = 400; //一拍的长度
const int Stop = 800; //一拍休止符的长度 int main()
{
Beep( C, T );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( G, T * 2 ); Beep( F, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T );
Beep( D, T );
Beep( C, T * 2 ); Beep( G, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T * 2 ); Beep( G, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T * 2 ); Beep( C, T );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( G, T * 2 ); Beep( F, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T );
Beep( D, T );
Beep( C, T * 4 );
return 0;
}

这里面多了一个常量 \(Stop\),用于表示休止符的一拍,这样书写起来可以方便许多,调用 Sleep 函数的时候不需要一直换算。

我还无聊地打了另外几首歌。

《团结就是力量》

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std; // _在前表示低音, 在后表示高音
// o表示升
const int _oC = 277, _oD = 311, _oF = 370, _oG = 415, _oA = 466;
const int _C = 262, _D = 294, _E = 330, _F = 349, _G = 392, _A = 440, _B = 494;
const int oC = 554, oD = 622, oF = 740, oG = 831, oA = 932;
const int C = 523, D = 578, E = 659, F = 698, G = 784, A = 880, B = 988;
const int C_ = 1047, D_ = 1175, E_ = 1319, F_ = 1397, G_ = 1568, A_ = 1760, B_ = 1976;
const int oC_ = 1109, oD_ = 1245, oF_ = 1480, oG_ = 1661, oA_ = 1865; const int T = 400;
const int Stop = 800; int main()
{
Beep( C_, T * 2 );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( E, T / 4 * 3 );
Beep( D, T / 4 );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( E, T );
Sleep( Stop ); Beep( C_, T * 2 );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( E, T / 4 * 3 );
Beep( D, T / 4 );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( G, T );
Sleep( Stop / 2 ); Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Sleep( Stop / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T );
Sleep( Stop / 2 ); Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( C_, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Sleep( Stop ); Beep( C_, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( E, T );
Sleep( Stop / 2 ); Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T * 2 );
Beep( A, T );
Sleep( Stop ); Beep( C_, T / 4 * 3 );
Beep( C_, T / 4 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T / 4 * 3 );
Beep( E, T / 4 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 ); Beep( A, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( D_, T );
Beep( C_, T );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Beep( A, T / 2 );
Beep( G, T / 2 );
Beep( E, T * 2 );
Beep( C_, T );
Sleep( Stop ); return 0;
}

可以明显听出,当节奏快起来的时候,蜂鸣器发音的速度就有点赶不上了。所以这种方法局限性还是很强的,只适合打小夜曲之类的……

最后附上我们学校的校歌(原曲是 G 大调的,但是我太弱了不知道怎么弄……于是降成 C 大调写了)。

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std; // _在前表示低音, 在后表示高音
// o表示升
const int _oC = 277, _oD = 311, _oF = 370, _oG = 415, _oA = 466;
const int _C = 262, _D = 294, _E = 330, _F = 349, _G = 392, _A = 440, _B = 494;
const int oC = 554, oD = 622, oF = 740, oG = 831, oA = 932;
const int C = 523, D = 578, E = 659, F = 698, G = 784, A = 880, B = 988;
const int C_ = 1047, D_ = 1175, E_ = 1319, F_ = 1397, G_ = 1568, A_ = 1760, B_ = 1976;
const int oC_ = 1109, oD_ = 1245, oF_ = 1480, oG_ = 1661, oA_ = 1865; const int T = 400;
const int Stop = 800; int main()
{
Beep( C, T );
Beep( A, T * 2 );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( F, T * 2 );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T * 3 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( _A, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T * 2 );
Beep( _A, T );
Beep( _B, T );
Beep( C, T * 3 ); Beep( _E, T );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T / 2 ); for ( int i = 1; i <= 2; ++i ) {
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( _B, T * 2 );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( _G, T / 2 );
Beep( _A, T * 5 ); Beep( _A, T );
Beep( _G, T );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( G, T * 2 );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( F, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T / 2 );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T * 6 ); Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( _B, T );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( _G, T / 2 );
Beep( _A, T * 2 ); Beep( _A, T );
Beep( _G, T );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( G, T * 3 );
Beep( F, T * 2 );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T / 4 * 3 );
Beep( E, T / 4 );
Beep( C, T * 5 ); Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T * 2 );
Beep( C, T );
Beep( G, T * 3 );
Beep( F, T / 2 );
Beep( E, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 * 3 );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( D, T * 5 ); Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T / 2 );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( A, T );
Beep( G, T );
Beep( F, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T * 2 );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( _A, T * 3 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( _A, T );
Beep( E, T );
Beep( D, T / 2 * 3 );
Sleep( Stop / 2 );
Beep( _A, T / 2 );
Beep( _B, T / 2 );
Beep( C, T * 6 );
} Beep( G, T * 3 );
Beep( G, T * 3 );
Beep( C_, T * 10 );
Sleep( Stop * 2 ); return 0;
}