98年 翻译题解：
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, / for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago. 第二、句子主干结构是：主句+ for +原因状语从句。 1)主句是强调句it was... that...被强调部分the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientists had been able to look the farthestsintosthe past 2) for...引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were seeing是从句中的主语，that...是名词表语the patterns and structures的定语从句。 第三、词的处理： even more important (省略)更为重要的是 the patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形状和结构 15 billion years ago 150亿年前
完整的译文： 71)但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, / first put forward in the 1920s, / to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 第二、句子的主干结构是一个简单句。 1)整体结构是：The existence... was virtually required for..., to maintain...2)first put forward in the 1920s是过去分词短语作插入语，说明前面的名词the Big Bang 3)后面的不定式短语是补语。 第三、词的处理： the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云 virtually 事实上，实际上，实质上 the Big Bang 大爆炸理论 first put forward 首创的，开始提出的 in the 1920s 二十年代 to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位 explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙(起源论)的解释
完整的译文： 72)巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments / are closing in on such structures, / and may report their findings soon. 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)主语+并列谓语Astrophysicists...are closing...and may report...2)分词短语working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments是主语的定语。
第三、词的处理： working with 使用，以……为工作手段 ground-based detectors 陆基探测器 the South Pole 南极 balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器 are closing in on 正越来越近 structures 云系 findings 观测结果
完整的译文： 73)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：If the small hot spots look as expected, / that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, / a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是“If引导的条件句，主句”。 2)look as expected是look as they are expected的省略，意思是“看上去和预想的一样”。 3)another scientific idea和后面的短语a refinement of the Big Bang是同位语关系。 4)过去分词短语called the inflationary universe theory作定语，修饰the Big Bang. 第三、词的处理： the small hot spots 小热点 refinement 更完美，提炼，改进 the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论)
完整的译文： 74)假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是倒装的让步状语从句+主句。Odd though it sounds = though it sounds odd 2) consequence前后有多重定语。 3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced为被动结构。 4) that it is true是宾语从句。 第三、词的处理： cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说 scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论 in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学 convinced 被说服，相信 for the better part of a decade 七八年来
完整的译文： 75)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
97年 翻译题解：
71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。 1)because引导原因状语从句 2)that引导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构there is an agreed account of human rights, 3)which从句的先行词是human rights，something后面是定语从句the world does not have. 第三、词的处理： Actually 事实上 it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，isn't后面省略的词应该是so或true an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识 human rights 人的权利，*完整的译文： 71)事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that... 2)that引导的是宾语从句 3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。 第三、词的处理： argue 论证 a social contract 社会契约 as part of 作为(是)……的一部分 entitlements 利益，权利 完整的译文： 72)有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。 2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。 3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。 第三、词的处理： leads ...to extremes 引向极端 at the outset 从一开始 invites you to think 使人们认为 consideration 关切，体谅 humans extend to other humans 人对待人完整的译文： 73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语+谓语+宾语从句。Arguing from...现在分词短语作状语。 2) the view和后面的从句that...是同位语关系 3) that...引导宾语从句。 第三、词的处理： Arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观点 different from... 与……不同 in every relevant respect 在各相关方面 extremists *者，持极端观点的人 lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关完整的译文： 74)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句： 1)When...是前一个复合句的时间状语 2)instinct后面的介词短语for moral reasoning in action是它的定语 3)that...是定语从句，修饰先行词an instinct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。 第三、词的处理： that (代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应 mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能 in action 起作用 rather than 而不完整的译文： 75)这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
96年 翻译题解：
71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of... 2) particular advances后面有多重定语in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 第三、词的处理： are... results of 是……的结果，来自于 social needs 社会需求 to some extent 在一定程度上 self-accelerating 自我加速 完整的译文： 71)在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是主句+ when引导的时间状语，when = at that time当时，那时。 2)第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。 3)that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定语从句中的主语从句 4)cannot generally be foreseen in detail是宾语从句的谓语。第三、词的处理： trend 趋势 came to the conclusion 得出结论 the specific demands 具体要求 make of 向……提出 scientific establishment 科研机构 in detail 详尽 完整的译文： 72)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的*得出结论：*向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible consequence in the future. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是系词+过去分词+被动宾语：This seems mostly effectively done by... 2)research后面是双重定语not related to... but of...由此断定related to意思等于of 第三、词的处理： This (主语代词要译出来)这一问题 done 解决 not related to 与……无关 immediate goals 当前目标 possible consequence 可能的影响 完整的译文： 73)给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是the world is so... that... 2) some后面有多重定语of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.第三、词的处理： elegant systems (精美的)完美的体系 in principle 一般而言 deal with 解决，处理 aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成课题，问题 完整的译文： 74)然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance. 第二、句子的结构： 1)as well as和，以及，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子谓语 2)as they have in the past方式状语，as就像是……，同……一样 3)giving rise to...表示伴随状语。 第三、词的处理： New forms of thought 新的思维方式 new subjects for thought 新的思维对象 arise 出现 giving rise to 给出，产生，带来 new standards of elegance 完美的新标准 完整的译文： 75)同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准
95年 翻译题解：
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 第二、句子主干结构是：简单句加for引导的原因状语。后面的that引导的是定语从句。第三、词的处理 The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试 divert attention from 原义是把注意力引开，引申为没有注意到lies with在于ill-informed 不甚了解incompetent users(词性转换)使用不当完整的译文：71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted 句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on... 3) the information used是名词+定语4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information 第三、词的处理： be validated by 为……所证实 depends upon 取决于 reliability 可靠性 appropriateness 适应性 interpreted 解释 完整的译文： 72)这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability. 第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。 第三、词的处理： Whether to..., or 是……还是…… both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下 therefore 因此 the evidence from experience 经验依据 concerning 与……有关的 comparative validity 相对效度 such factors as... 诸如……等因素 完整的译文： 73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为四段：In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是一个排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when... 2)连词when引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。 3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二个从句的主语。 第三、词的处理： In general 一般的说 work most effectively 最为有效 be most precisely defined 很精确界定 measured 测定 完整的译文： 74)一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell... 2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：... youngster might have been how able 3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up... 第三、词的处理： they 指示代词，测试 compensate for 弥补 gross social inequality 明显的社会不公 and thus 因此 tell 说明 underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的 under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下 完整的译文： 75)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
94年 翻译题解： 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 第二、句子主干结构是：not so much through... as because of...与其……倒不如…… 因为not so much... as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。 第三、词的处理： the insights of great men of genius是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。 more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。 they say插入语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。 完整的译文： 71)他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
第二、句子主干结构是： 1)系表结构：the scientific revolution... was largely... 2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments 第三、词的处理： In short 简而言之 the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用 expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围 完整的译文： 72)新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science. 第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句：tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ...主语部分有一个themselves反身代词 as a source of fundamental innovation介词短语做定语 第三、词的处理： Over the years 多年来 philosophers of science 科学思想家们 完整的译文： 73)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)系表结构Galileo's greatest glory was that... 2)不定式短语作定语结构the first person to turn... 3)动词+宾语从句作目的状语to prove that... 第三、词的处理： turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介词on译成动词)把新发明的望远镜对准天空 rather than 而不是完整的译文： 74)伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force. 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)表示选择意思的从句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends on the issue 2)of which是宾语the issue的定语从句。 第三、词的处理： increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入 at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入 the driving force 动力，驱动力量 完整的译文： 75)*究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。 
研究生英语考试英译汉的常用词的翻译名词复数的翻译 一般来说，名词复数的词义都是属于从抽象到具体的引申。所以我们在翻译时一定要加倍注意，以免造成歧义，可以察看以下实例：例1 The waters from the east are clear and blue ;they come from hills and valleysswheresplentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away. 译文：东面的水流清澈碧蓝，因为那里的山峦和山谷都被茂密的树木覆盖着，泥沙没有被冲刷到河水中。 例2 Such economies may appear when compared to President Carter's pay increase for most of his aids. 译文：如果与卡特总统为大部分助理增加的薪金相比，这些节约措施看来也许是微不足道的。 二、冠词的翻译 例1 The fugitives traveled by night and rested by day. 译文：逃亡者夜行昼伏。 例2 Four of us will fly to New York. 译文：我们中间有四人将飞往纽约。 例3 Take an umbrella in case of rain. 译文：带把伞去，以防下雨 例4 The changes are an improvement in a way 译文：这些变化从某种意义上说是一种进步。 三、情态动词的翻译 例1 汉语中有能愿动词，英语中有情态动词。情态动词的意义很不稳定，所以要准确翻译出can,could,dare,need,may,might,shall,should,must,will,would等动词的情态意义并不是一件容易事。一般来说，我们在理解情态动词的意义时，应该把握两点：一是掌握他们的基本意义，二是根据上下文来判断。情态动词可表示可能性、必然性、允许与拒绝、估计与判定、劝告与禁止、承诺与意愿、命令与要求等各方面的意思。 汉语中的能愿动词有以下三类： (1)表“可能性”的能愿动词，如“能、能够、会、可以、可能”等； (2)表“倾向性”的能原动词，如“敢、肯、要、愿、愿意”等。 (3)表“必要性”的能愿动词，如“该、应该、应当、必须、需要”等。 通常，在英译汉中，我们可依赖以上三类能愿动词，但有些时候，仅仅凭借这些能愿动词还是不够的，这就需要我们借助于其他能够表示情态的实义词或虚词来实现句子中的情态意义。下面是具体实例说明： 例1 Some psychological experiments are conducted on less regular basis and your efforts can be thankless. 分析：该句中的情态动词can不表示“可能性、能力、意愿或许可”意义，它表示的是一种偶或可能性，通常译为“有时会、往往会”等。 译文：有些心理实验做得并不很有规律，因此，你往往白费气力。 例2 Electronic engineering and the further development of computer technology could provide the impetus needed in production. 分析：could的意义有：(1)表示过去的能力或意愿，即can的过去式；(2)表示允许，常译为“只要…….。可以……”；(3)表示可能，只是在可能性上不及can；(4)表示“惊奇、怀疑”等，通常译为“竟能。真会、果真能，居然、却不料”等(5)表虚拟，指在虚拟语气中的使用；(6)表示“对过去时间的否定推论”，常译为“不可能、总不至于、不见得一定就、倒并没有”等意思；(7)表示“委婉、敬意”等，通常译为“….行吗？”或“可以、能”等。该句中的could表示的是“一般可能性”，所以我们把它译为“可以”。 译文：电子工程和计算机技术的进一步发展则可以为生产提供所需要的动力。研究生入学考试英语翻译的方法有关翻译的方法和具体的技巧不胜枚举。在翻译过程中，不可能有一种或几种套式供译者使用。但一般来说，翻译主要有直译和意译两大类。直译指在译文的语言条件下，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式，即无论从内容和形式都忠实于原文；意译指向内容忠实于原文，不拘泥于原文的形式。这是因为英语和汉语分属不同的语言，两者在词汇句法结构和表达法等方面具有很多差异，所以当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾时，就应采用意译法，这样译出来的东西就更加符合汉语的语言规范。毕竟，考试时最要紧的是用通顺的汉语准确表达原文的意思。下面举例加以说明： 例1 To determine the conseauences of sleep deficit , researchers have put subjects through a set psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of mumber or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. 通过对该题的分析，我们可以看出："To determine the consequences of sleep deficit "在句中做状语，接着是"主语+谓语+宾语"这一基本句型结构，它基本上符合汉语的表达方法，试译如下： 译文：为了确定睡眠不足产生的后果，研究人员对测试对象进行了一系列的心理测试和行为测试。例如，要求他们做一组数字加法，或让他们回忆几分钟前念给他们听的文章。 例2 Don't cross the bridge till you get to it. 像这样的句子只能采取意译法，译为： 译文：不必担心过早。或：不必自寻麻烦。 如果按原文字面直译为"到了桥边才过桥"，未免不伦不类。再举数例： 例3 Ruth was upsetting the other children,so I showed her the door. 译：鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 例4 She didn't like him much , but if she went out with him.it'd be one in the eye of Kath. 译文：她并不怎么喜欢他，可是如果她跟他一起出去玩，那倒可以让凯丝心中感到不是滋味。 例5 I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it. 译文：我要的是这样的一个人他决心在钦敦江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。
、 2003年 翻译题解：
61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.句子分析：完整的译文： 61）而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。 第一、句子可以拆分为两段：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 第二、句子的结构是： 1) 这是个主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modify... thus subjecting ... 2) the environment in which they live是先行词+定语从句。 第三、词的处理： modify the environment in which they live 改变他们的生存环境 subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从…… 考点总结：1）不定式短语做定语；2）介词+定语从句；3）分词短语表示伴随状态。
62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 第二、句子的主干结构是： 主句+ which引导的定语从句+方式状语（in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner）+定语从句。 第三、词的处理： Social science 社会科学 intellectual enquiry 知识探究 humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为 reasoned 理性的 orderly 有序的 systematic 系统的 dispassioned 冷静的 natural phenomena 自然现象 完整的译文： 62） 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 考点总结：1）定语从句；2）方式状语；3）多重并列定语。
63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, / combined with a crosscultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 第二、句子的结构是： 1）主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis..., combined with..., makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 2）主语后面带有on data gathered first-hand是主语的定语， combined with相当于and的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present是perspective的定语。其中past and present是cultures的定语。 第三、词的处理： The emphasis 翻译时词性转换成动词 data gathered first-hand 搜集的第一手资料 combined with 加上，（这个短语不影响主语的数的变化） a cross-cultural perspective 跨文化视角this study 这一研究 完整的译文： 63）强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 考点总结：1）带有多重修饰成分的简单句；2）过去分词短语做定语；3）复合宾语结构4）词性转换。
64) Tylor defined culture as “... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Tylor defined culture as “... that complex whole / which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits / acquired by man as a member of society.” 第二、句子的结构是： 1）主干结构是：Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole...”其中whole是“整体”的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。 2）which 引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，acquired by man as a member of society是宾语的定语。 第三、词的处理： Tylor 人名，按照音译 defined culture as 将文化定义为 that complex whole 一个复合体 belief 信仰 morals 道德 man as a member of society 人作为社会成员 完整的译文： 64）泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。 考点总结：1）定语从句；2）过去分词短语做定语；3）多重并列宾语。
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, / is an abstract concept / which makes possible / immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 第二、句子的结构是： 1) 主干结构是：主语+插入语（like the concept of） +系表结构 （is an abstract concept） + which 引导的定语从句 2) immense amounts of concrete research and understanding是动词 makes的宾语， possible是状语前置。 第三、词的处理： the anthropological concept of “culture,” 人类学的“文化”概念 the concept of “set” in mathematics 数学中“集”的概念 an abstract concept 抽象概念 immense amounts of concrete research 大量的具体研究 完整的译文： 65）因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。 考点总结：1）表示比较的插入语；2）定语从句；3）复合宾语；4）状语前置。
2002年
61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为两段：One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主干结构是表语从句One difficulty is that... 2)almost all of what is called behavioral science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。第三、词的处理：continues to trace behavior to继续针对……研究行为 behavioral science 行为科学 states of mind 心态，意识状态 feelings 感情 traits of character 性格特点 完整的译文： 61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句之所以……，部分是因为……，部分是因为…… 第三、词的处理： the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目) other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式完整的译文： 62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 第二、句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the selective role of...is only beginning to...每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+介词短语结构。 第三、词的处理： in evolution 在演化中 formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证 shaping 形成(造就) maintaining 保持，维护 recognized 认可，承认 完整的译文： 63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是两个并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to... 2)in which...是practices的定语从句。 第三、词的处理： They 它们(*与尊严)，代词做主语 possessions 所有物 autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的 practices 实践活动 is held responsible for 对……负责 given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定 完整的译文： 64)*和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主干结构是复合状语从句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with it... 2) and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表达是the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的内容。 第三、词的处理： until 如果不，直到 a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段 be rejected 被抛弃；被拒绝；被反对 with it 随之；伴随着它完整的译文： 65)(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
01年 翻译题解：
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them / when they offend. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars... 2)两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。 3)定语从句that will disable them修饰的先行词是pollution monitors，最后一个从句when they offend是定语从句中的状语从句。 第三、词的处理： television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话节目，重点词hosted 主持 cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车 disable them 使汽车失灵(停止运行)them和they指代汽车 offend 多义词(汽车)污染超标，违规 完整的译文： 71)届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, / computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, / relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是几个并列的简单句：Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have arrived. 2)dolls带有过去分词短语equipped with personality chips做定语，computers的后置定语是介词短语with inbuilt personalities，personalities等于personality chips，宾语workmates rather than tools是并列结构，表示选择。 第三、词的处理： dolls equipped with personality chips 装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃 personality 个性，性格 computers with inbuilt personalities 个性内置的计算机 rather than 而不是 relaxation 休闲、放松、娱乐、消遣 smelltelevision 气味电视机 digital age 数字化时代 完整的译文： 72)儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, / to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates / when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主句是简单句，to produce是结果状语。 2)calendar后面的that...是定语从句。 3)后面的when引导的也是定语从句，不是时间状语，译作的。 4)to take place作前面名词的定语。 第三、词的处理： Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译) pieced together 汇集；综合 around the world 世界各地，全世界 produce 编制 a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历 the latest dates 最近日期 key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破 完整的译文： 73)皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: /It will be the beginning of the long process of integration / that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是that..., is only the start of...系表结构 2) beginning后面有多重定语：两个of短语和一个that will ultimately lead to定语从句。 3)Pearson points out插入语，翻译时放在句首。 4)在the long process of integration结构中，integration前省略了定语man-machine，翻译时要补出。 5)lead to a fully electronic human动词和宾语之间意思省略，翻译时要加词。 第三、词的处理： that 代词作主语，指代上文前面“的” a breakthrough 突破，一定要译出。 the start of manmachine integration 人机一体化的开始 lead to 引起出现，导致产生 a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人 before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前 完整的译文： 74)皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：And home appliances will also become so smart / that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout / of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 第二、句子主干结构是：so smart that...如此……以至于(从句)…… 第三、词的处理： home appliances 家用电器 smart 聪明，智能化 result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现 psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调) kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，厨房愤怒，厨房生气完整的译文： 75)家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
00年翻译题解：
71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of... 2)两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。 3)specialized scientists后面的短语such as...是其定语。 第三、词的处理： Under modern conditions 在现代条件下 requires 需要 varying measures (程度)不同的措施 centralized control *控制，*调控 and hence 因此，从而 specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家 operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家 完整的译文： 71)在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的*控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主语和两个主语从句。 2)两个that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。 3)this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。 第三、词的处理： Furthermore 再者，另外 it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是 the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力 is directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关 the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率 in turn 反过来 rests upon 有赖于，取决于 scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员完整的译文： 72)再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是：原因状语Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子结构中while是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是"而"。 2)第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语are feeling... and are being... 3)第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。 4)for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。 第三、词的处理： owing to 因为，由于 mass-communications 大众通讯 people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人 new wants 新的需求(要求，需要) being exposed to 接触到，感受到 customs and ideas 习俗和思想 introduce 推出，采取，施行 innovations 革新，革新措施 for the reasons given above 由于上述原因 完整的译文： 73)由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国*不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是复合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...连词whereas "而"，表示对比。 2)破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。 3)因为是两个对比句，所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization. 第三、词的处理： industrialized countries 工业化国家 the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程 with ...that followed 随……而来的，以及 far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化 social patterns 社会结构 spread over 持续，延续 nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪 a developing nation 一个发展中国家 undergo 经历 in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间 完整的译文： 74)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...简单句+ because of表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。 2) because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems 3)名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements 4) themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。 第三、词的处理： Additional social stresses 新的(额外的)社会压力 occur 出现，产生 population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸 arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于 mass migration movements 大量人口流动 migration 流动，迁移 modern means of transport 现代交通工具 means 工具，手段，途径 完整的译文： 75)由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
99年 翻译题解：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as... as结构是比较级，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义。 2)主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。 3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt的定语。 第三、词的处理： While 虽然，尽管 definitions 定义，界定 modern practice 现代(补词：史学家的)实践 conforms to 符合于，趋向于认为 attempt 试图，尝试 to recreate 再现，重现(不能说重新创造历史) events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实 完整的译文： 71)几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 第二、句子的结构 1)主干结构是一个简单句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from... 2)并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是…… 3)challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议，internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians themselves作quarrels的定语。 第三、词的处理： Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣) arisen 来自于，产生于challenge质疑，挑战 validity 真实性，正确性as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域) internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧 完整的译文： 72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by... 2)过去分词短语designed to...作句子宾语methodologies的定语。 第三、词的处理： transfer 转变 augmented 充实，补充 additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用来 interpret 阐释，解释，说明 the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料 in the historical study 在(补译：历史学家)研究历史时 完整的译文： 73)在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是存在句There is no agreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。 2) whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主语agreement的同位语。 3) the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语；the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。 第三、词的处理： agreement 统一的意见，一致看法 whether...refers to... or to... 是指……还是指…… the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念 the research techniques 研究手段 appropriate to 适用于，合适于 the various branches 各个领域 historical inquiry 历史探究完整的译文： 74)所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 第二、句子的结构 1)主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直译这既适应于……又适应于……引申为这既存在于……又存在于……2) traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate... with...是并列结构，指两种历史学家，各有定语从句修饰。 第三、词的处理： It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论 traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派 view history as 把历史看作是 sources 源泉，引申为史料来源 social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派 their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究 equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是 specific techniques 具体方法 完整的译文： 75)这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
※ 修改：alanle1978于2003-05-19 09:45:49修改本文