Netty笔记——技术点汇总

时间:2021-03-20 13:05:04

目录

· Linux网络IO模型

· 文件描述符

· 阻塞IO模型

· 非阻塞IO模型

· IO复用模型

· 信号驱动IO模型

· 异步IO模型

· BIO编程

· 伪异步IO编程

· NIO编程

· Buffer和Channel

· 深入Buffer

· Selector

· AIO编程

· 四种IO编程对比及选择Netty的原因

· Netty入门

· 开发与部署

· Hello World

· 粘包/拆包问题

· 问题及其解决

· LineBasedFrameDecoder

· DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder

· FixedLengthFrameDecoder

· Java序列化问题

· 问题描述及其解决

· HTTP协议开发

· Netty HTTP

· 文件服务器

· WebSocket协议开发

· 问题及其解决

· 原理(过程)

· 开发

· Netty架构

· 逻辑架构

· 高性能

· 可靠性

· 可定制性

· 可扩展性

· 私有协议栈开发


Linux网络IO模型

文件描述符

1. Linux内核将所有外部设备视为文件来操作。

2. 对一个文件的读写操作会调用内核提供的系统命令,返回一个file descripter(fd,文件描述符)。

3. 对一个socket的读写也会有相应的描述符,称为socketfd(socket描述符)。

阻塞IO模型

1. 最常用的IO模型。

2. 默认的IO模型。

3. 以socket接口为例说明阻塞IO模型。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

非阻塞IO模型

1. 一般轮训检查内核数据是否就绪。

2. 如果内核数据未就绪,则直接返回一个EWOULDBLOCK错误。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

IO复用模型

1. Linux提供select/poll,进程传递一个或多个fd给select或poll系统调用,阻塞在select操作上,这样select/poll可以帮助进程同时检测多个fd是否就绪。

2. select/poll存在支持fd数量有限、线性轮训等问题,应采用基于事件驱动方式的epoll代替(当有fd就绪时,立即回调函数)。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

信号驱动IO模型

进程先系统调用sigaction执行一个非阻塞的信号处理函数,进程继续运行。当数据就绪时,为该进程生成一个SIGIO信号,通知进程调用recvfrom读取数据。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

异步IO模型

1. 进程告知内核启动某个操作,并在内核完成整个操作后再通知进程。

2. 与信号驱动IO模型区别:信号驱动IO模型只通知数据就绪;异步IO模型通知操作已完成。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

BIO编程

1. 有一个独立的Acceptor线程负责监听客户端连接,接收到连接后为每个客户端创建一个新的线程进行链路处理,处理完之后,通过输出流返回给客户端,线程销毁。

2. 问题:服务端线程个数与客户端并发访问数1:1关系。当客户端并发访问量越来越大时,系统会发生线程堆栈溢出、创建新线程失败等问题,最终导致进程宕机或僵死。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

伪异步IO编程

1. 当新客户端接入时,将客户端Socket封装成一个Task(实现Runnable接口)投递到线程池中进行处理。

2. 好处:由于可以设置线程池队列的大小和最大线程数,所以资源占用是可控的,客户端并发数量增加不会导致资源耗尽、宕机。

3. 问题:底层通信依然采用同步阻塞模型,无法从根本上解决应答消息缓慢或网络传输较慢时,长时间阻塞线程的问题。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

NIO编程

Buffer和Channel

1. BIO是面向流的,一次处理一个字节;NIO是面向块的,以块的形式处理数据。

2. BIO的java.io.*已经使用NIO重新实现过。

3. Buffer缓冲区存放着准备要写入或读出的数据。通常是一个字节数组,但也可以是其他类型的数组或不是数组。

4. Buffer类型:

a) ByteBuffer(常用)

b) CharBuffer

c) ShortBuffer

d) IntBuffer

e) LongBuffer

f) FloatBuffer

g) DoubleBuffer

5. Channel通道是双向的,可通过它读取或写入数据。所有的数据都要通过Buffer来处理,永远不会将数据直接写入Channel。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

6. 写文件示例。

 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.UUID; public class Test { private static byte[] getRandomData() {
int randomLength = new Random().nextInt(100);
StringBuilder data = new StringBuilder();
for (int index = 0; index < randomLength; index++) {
data.append(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
}
return data.toString().getBytes();
} public static void main(String[] args) {
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = null;
try {
fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("D:/test.txt");
FileChannel fileChannel = fileOutputStream.getChannel();
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = null;
for (int index = 0; index < 1000; index++) {
byte[] data = getRandomData();
if (byteBuffer == null) {
byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(data);
} else if (data.length > byteBuffer.capacity()) {
if (byteBuffer.position() > 0) {
byteBuffer.flip();
fileChannel.write(byteBuffer);
byteBuffer.clear();
}
byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(data);
} else if (data.length > byteBuffer.remaining()) {
byteBuffer.flip();
fileChannel.write(byteBuffer);
byteBuffer.clear();
} byteBuffer.put(data);
}
byteBuffer.flip();
fileChannel.write(byteBuffer);
byteBuffer.clear(); } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (fileOutputStream != null) {
try {
fileOutputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
} }

7. 读文件示例。

 import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.FileChannel; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) {
FileInputStream fileInputStream = null;
try {
fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("D:/test.txt");
FileChannel fileChannel = fileInputStream.getChannel();
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
while (fileChannel.read(byteBuffer) > 0) {
byteBuffer.flip();
while (byteBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
System.out.print((char) byteBuffer.get());
}
byteBuffer.clear();
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (fileInputStream != null) {
try {
fileInputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
} }

8. 复制文件示例。

 import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.FileChannel; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) {
RandomAccessFile sourceFile = null;
RandomAccessFile targetFile = null;
try {
sourceFile = new RandomAccessFile("D:/test.txt", "r");
targetFile = new RandomAccessFile("D:/test.txt.bak", "rw");
FileChannel sourceFileChannel = sourceFile.getChannel();
FileChannel targetFileChannel = targetFile.getChannel();
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
while (sourceFileChannel.read(byteBuffer) > 0) {
byteBuffer.flip();
targetFileChannel.write(byteBuffer);
byteBuffer.clear();
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
} }

深入Buffer

1. Buffer可以理解成数组,它通过以下3个值描述状态:

a) position:下一个元素的位置;

b) limit:可读取或写入的元素总数,position总是小于或者等于limit;

c) capacity:Buffer最大容量,limit总是小于或者等于capacity。

2. 以读、写举例说明Buffer。

a) 创建一个8字节的ByteBuffer。position=0,limit=8,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

b) 读取3个字节。position=3,limit=8,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

c) 读取2个字节。position=5,limit=8,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

d) 执行flip()。position=0,limit=5,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

e) 写入4个字节。position=4,limit=5,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

f) 写入1个字节。position=5,limit=5,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

g) 执行clear()。position=0,limit=8,capacity=8。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

3. 创建ByteBuffer的两种方法:

a) 创建固定大小的Buffer。

ByteBuffer.allocate(capacity)

b) 将数组及其内容包装成Buffer。

byte array[] = new byte[1024];
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(array);

Selector

1. Selector即IO复用模型中的多路复用器。

2. JDK使用了epoll。

AIO编程

1. AIO也称NIO2.0,是异步IO模型。

2. JDK 7时在java.nio.channels包下新增了4个异步Channel。

a) AsynchronousSocketChannel

b) AsynchronousServerSocketChannel

c) AsynchronousFileChannel

d) AsynchronousDatagramChannel

3. 使用Future写文件:异步执行,阻塞Future.get(),直到取得结果。

 import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousFileChannel;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Future; public class Test { private static byte[] getRandomData() {
int randomLength = new Random().nextInt(100);
StringBuilder data = new StringBuilder();
for (int index = 0; index < randomLength; index++) {
data.append(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
}
return data.append('\n').toString().getBytes();
} public static void main (String [] args) {
Path file = Paths.get("D:/test.txt");
AsynchronousFileChannel asynchronousFileChannel = null;
try {
asynchronousFileChannel = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(file, StandardOpenOption.WRITE);
List<Future<Integer>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++) {
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(getRandomData());
Future<Integer> future = asynchronousFileChannel.write(byteBuffer, 0);
futures.add(future);
}
for (Future<Integer> future : futures) {
Integer length = null;
try {
length = future.get();
} catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("Bytes written: " + length);
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (asynchronousFileChannel != null) {
try {
asynchronousFileChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}

4. 使用CompletionHandler写文件:异步执行,回调CompletionHandler。注意:示例中,由于不阻塞主线程,即异步任务是否结果主线程都会结束,有时会看不到结果,所以sleep 5秒。

 import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousFileChannel;
import java.nio.channels.CompletionHandler;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.UUID; public class Test { private static byte[] getRandomData() {
int randomLength = new Random().nextInt(100);
StringBuilder data = new StringBuilder();
for (int index = 0; index < randomLength; index++) {
data.append(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
}
return data.append('\n').toString().getBytes();
} public static void main (String [] args) {
Path file = Paths.get("D:/test.txt");
AsynchronousFileChannel asynchronousFileChannel = null;
try {
asynchronousFileChannel = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(file, StandardOpenOption.WRITE);
CompletionHandler<Integer, Object> completionHandler = new CompletionHandler<Integer, Object>() {
@Override
public void completed(Integer result, Object attachment) {
System.out.println("Bytes written: " + result);
}
@Override
public void failed(Throwable exc, Object attachment) {
}
};
for (int index = 0; index < 10; index ++) {
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(getRandomData());
asynchronousFileChannel.write(byteBuffer, 0, null, completionHandler);
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (asynchronousFileChannel != null) {
try {
asynchronousFileChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
try {
Thread.sleep(5000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

5. 使用Future读文件:异步执行,阻塞Future.get(),直到取得结果。

 import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousFileChannel;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Future; public class Test { public static void main (String [] args) {
Path file = Paths.get("D:/test.txt");
AsynchronousFileChannel asynchronousFileChannel = null;
try {
asynchronousFileChannel = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(file, StandardOpenOption.READ);
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
int position = 0;
int length = 0;
do {
Future<Integer> future = asynchronousFileChannel.read(byteBuffer, position);
length = future.get();
if (length > 0) {
byteBuffer.flip();
System.out.print(new String(byteBuffer.array()));
byteBuffer.clear();
}
position += length;
} while (length > 0); } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (asynchronousFileChannel != null) {
try {
asynchronousFileChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}

6. 使用CompletionHandler读文件:异步执行,回调CompletionHandler。注意:示例中,由于不阻塞主线程,即异步任务是否结果主线程都会结束,有时会看不到结果,所以sleep 5秒。

 import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousFileChannel;
import java.nio.channels.CompletionHandler;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption; public class Test { public static void main (String [] args) {
Path file = Paths.get("D:/test.txt");
AsynchronousFileChannel asynchronousFileChannel = null;
try {
asynchronousFileChannel = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(file, StandardOpenOption.READ);
// 10个异步任务分别读取文件头64个字节,5秒后分别输出。
CompletionHandler<Integer, ByteBuffer> completionHandler = new CompletionHandler<Integer, ByteBuffer>() {
@Override
public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
byteBuffer.flip();
System.out.print(new String(byteBuffer.array()));
byteBuffer.clear();
}
@Override
public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
}
};
for (int index = 0; index < 10; index++) {
ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
asynchronousFileChannel.read(byteBuffer, byteBuffer.limit() * index, byteBuffer, completionHandler);
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (asynchronousFileChannel != null) {
try {
asynchronousFileChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
try {
Thread.sleep(5000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

四种IO编程对比及选择Netty的原因

1. 对比。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

2. 选择NIO框架Netty,而不选择JDK的NIO类库的理由。

a) NIO类库和API繁杂。

b) 需另具备Java多线程编程等技能。

c) 可靠性不高,工作量和难度非常大。

d) 臭名昭著的epoll Bug导致Selector空轮训。

Netty入门

开发与部署

1. 开发环境:CLASSPATH中导入“netty-all-x.y.z.jar”即可。

2. 打包部署:由于是非Web应用,构建成jar包部署即可。

Hello World

1. 配置Maven的pom.xml文件。

<dependency>
<groupId>io.netty</groupId>
<artifactId>netty-all</artifactId>
<version>5.0.0.Alpha1</version>
</dependency>

2. 时间服务器TimeServer

 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel; public class TimeServer { public void bind(int port) throws Exception {
// 服务器NIO线程组线
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)
.childHandler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 绑定端口,同步等待成功
ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
// 等待服务器监听端口关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// 优雅退出,释放线程池资源
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new TimeServerHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new TimeServer().bind(8080);
} }

3. 时间服务器TimeServerHandler

 import java.util.Date;

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
ByteBuf reqBuf = (ByteBuf) msg;
byte[] req = new byte[reqBuf.readableBytes()];
reqBuf.readBytes(req);
String reqString = new String(req, "UTF-8");
String respString = "QUERY TIME ORDER".equalsIgnoreCase(reqString) ? new Date().toString() : "BAD ORDER";
ByteBuf respBuf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(respString.getBytes());
ctx.write(respBuf);
} @Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.flush();
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

4. 时间客户端TimeClient

 import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel; public class TimeClient { public void connect(String host, int port) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
// 客户端NIO线程组
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
.handler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 发起异步连接操作
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect(host, port).sync();
// 等待客户端链路关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync(); } finally {
// 优雅退出,释放NIO线程组
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new TimeClientHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new TimeClient().connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
} }

5. 时间客户端TimeClientHandler

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { private final ByteBuf reqBuf; public TimeClientHandler() {
byte[] req = "QUERY TIME ORDER".getBytes();
reqBuf = Unpooled.buffer(req.length);
reqBuf.writeBytes(req);
} @Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.writeAndFlush(reqBuf);
} @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
ByteBuf respBuf = (ByteBuf) msg;
byte[] resp = new byte[respBuf.readableBytes()];
respBuf.readBytes(resp);
String respString = new String(resp, "UTF-8");
System.out.println(respString);
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

粘包/拆包问题

问题及其解决

1. TCP是一个“流协议”,是没有界限的一串数据。

2. TCP底层并不了解上层业务数据的具体含义,它会根据TCP缓冲区的实际情况进行包的划分。所以在业务上认为,一个完整的包可能会被TCP拆包发送,也可能封装多个

小包成大包发送。

3. 业界主流协议的解决方案归纳:

a) 消息定长。如每个报文的大小固定长度200字节,不足时空位补空格。

b) 在包尾增加回车换行符进行分割。如FTP协议。

c) 将消息分为消息头、消息体,消息头中包含消息总长度(或消息体长度)的字段。

d) 更复杂的应用层协议。

4. Netty提供了多种编码器用于解决粘包/拆包问题。

LineBasedFrameDecoder

1. 原理:遍历ByteBuf中的可读字节,发现“\n”或“\r\n”时就结束。

2. 支持携带结束符或不携带结束符两种编码方式;支持配置单行的最大长度(超过最大长度未发现换行符则抛出异常,同时忽略掉之前读到的异常码流)。

3. StringDecoder功能:将接受到的对象转成字符串,然后继续调用后面的Handler。

4. 使用LineBasedFrameDecoder优化后的时间服务器。

a) 时间服务器TimeServer

 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.LineBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder; public class TimeServer { public void bind(int port) throws Exception {
// 服务器NIO线程组线
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)
.childHandler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 绑定端口,同步等待成功
ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
// 等待服务器监听端口关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// 优雅退出,释放线程池资源
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new TimeServerHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new TimeServer().bind(8080);
} }

b) 时间服务器TimeServerHandler

 import java.util.Date;

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
String reqString = (String) msg;
String respString = "QUERY TIME ORDER".equalsIgnoreCase(reqString) ? new Date().toString() : "BAD ORDER";
respString += "\n";
ByteBuf respBuf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(respString.getBytes());
ctx.write(respBuf);
} @Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.flush();
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

c) 时间客户端TimeClient

 import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.LineBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder; public class TimeClient { public void connect(String host, int port) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
// 客户端NIO线程组
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
.handler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 发起异步连接操作
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect(host, port).sync();
// 等待客户端链路关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync(); } finally {
// 优雅退出,释放NIO线程组
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new TimeClientHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new TimeClient().connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
} }

d) 时间客户端TimeClientHandler

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { private final ByteBuf reqBuf; public TimeClientHandler() {
byte[] req = "QUERY TIME ORDER\n".getBytes();
reqBuf = Unpooled.buffer(req.length);
reqBuf.writeBytes(req);
} @Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.writeAndFlush(reqBuf);
} @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
String respString = (String) msg;
System.out.println(respString);
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder

1. 功能:以分隔符作为码流结束标识符的消息解码。

2. 时间服务器TimeServer

 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder; public class TimeServer { public void bind(int port) throws Exception {
// 服务器NIO线程组线
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)
.childHandler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 绑定端口,同步等待成功
ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
// 等待服务器监听端口关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// 优雅退出,释放线程池资源
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
ByteBuf delimiter = Unpooled.copiedBuffer("*&*".getBytes());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder(1024, delimiter));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new TimeServerHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new TimeServer().bind(8080);
} }

3. 时间服务器TimeServerHandler

 import java.util.Date;

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
String reqString = (String) msg;
String respString = "QUERY TIME ORDER".equalsIgnoreCase(reqString) ? new Date().toString() : "BAD ORDER";
respString += "*&*";
ByteBuf respBuf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(respString.getBytes());
ctx.write(respBuf);
} @Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.flush();
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

4. 时间客户端TimeClient

 import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder; public class TimeClient { public void connect(String host, int port) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
// 客户端NIO线程组
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
.handler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 发起异步连接操作
ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect(host, port).sync();
// 等待客户端链路关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync(); } finally {
// 优雅退出,释放NIO线程组
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
ByteBuf delimiter = Unpooled.copiedBuffer("*&*".getBytes());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder(1024, delimiter));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new TimeClientHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new TimeClient().connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
} }

5. 时间客户端TimeClientHandler

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { private final ByteBuf reqBuf; public TimeClientHandler() {
byte[] req = "QUERY TIME ORDER*&*".getBytes();
reqBuf = Unpooled.buffer(req.length);
reqBuf.writeBytes(req);
} @Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.writeAndFlush(reqBuf);
} @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
String respString = (String) msg;
System.out.println(respString);
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

FixedLengthFrameDecoder

1. 原理:无论一次接受到多少数据包,它都会按照设置的固定长度解码,如果是半包消息,则缓存半包消息并等待下个包到达后进行拼包,直到读取到一个完整的包。

2. 回显服务器EchoServer

 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.FixedLengthFrameDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.string.StringDecoder; public class EchoServer { public void bind(int port) throws Exception {
// 服务器NIO线程组线
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)
.childHandler(new ChildChannelHandler());
// 绑定端口,同步等待成功
ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
// 等待服务器监听端口关闭
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// 优雅退出,释放线程池资源
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
} private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new FixedLengthFrameDecoder(20));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new EchoServerHandler());
} } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new EchoServer().bind(8080);
} }

3. 回显服务器EchoServerHandler

 import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; public class EchoServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { @Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
System.out.println(msg);
} @Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
ctx.close();
} }

4. 使用telnet命令测试,当长度达到20个字符时,服务器打印。

Java序列化问题

问题描述及其解决

1. 无法跨语言。Java序列化是Java语言内部的私有协议,其他语言并不支持。

2. 序列化后的码流太大。编码后的字节数组越大,存储的时候就越占空间,存储的硬件成本就越高,网络传输时更占带宽,导致系统的吞吐量降低。

3. 序列化性能太低。编解码耗时长。

4. 解决:编解码框架,如Google Protobuf、MessagePack。此处不深入展开。

HTTP协议开发

Netty HTTP

1. 由于HTTP协议的通用性,很多异构系统间的通信交互采用HTTP协议,如非常流行的HTTP + XML或者RESTful + JSON。

2. 与Web容器相比,Netty开发HTTP的优势:轻量级;安全。

3. 这里以文件服务器举例,至于HTTP + XML,此处不深入展开。

文件服务器

1. 文件服务器HttpFileServer

 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpObjectAggregator;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpRequestDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseEncoder;
import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedWriteHandler; public class HttpFileServer { public void run(int port, String folderPath) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpRequestDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpObjectAggregator(65536));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpResponseEncoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new ChunkedWriteHandler());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpFileServerHandler(folderPath));
} });
ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
} public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int port = 8080;
String folderPath = "E:/workspace";
new HttpFileServer().run(port, folderPath);
} }

2. 文件服务器HttpFileServerHandler

 import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultFullHttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultHttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpRequest;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaders;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpMethod;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseStatus;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpVersion;
import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedFile;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil; import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
import java.net.URLDecoder; public class HttpFileServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<FullHttpRequest> { private String folderPath; public HttpFileServerHandler(String folderPath) {
this.folderPath = folderPath;
} @Override
protected void messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpRequest req) throws Exception {
if (!req.getDecoderResult().isSuccess()) {
sendStatus(ctx, HttpResponseStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
return;
}
if (!HttpMethod.GET.equals(req.getMethod())) {
sendStatus(ctx, HttpResponseStatus.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
return;
}
String uri = req.getUri();
File file = getFile(uri);
if (file == null || file.isHidden() || !file.exists()) {
sendStatus(ctx, HttpResponseStatus.NOT_FOUND);
return;
}
try {
if (file.isDirectory()) {
listFiles(ctx, file, uri);
} else {
returnFile(ctx, req, file);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
sendStatus(ctx, HttpResponseStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
}
} private File getFile(String uri) throws Exception {
uri = URLDecoder.decode(uri, "UTF-8");
return new File(folderPath + uri);
} private void listFiles(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, File folder, String uri) throws Exception {
uri = uri.endsWith("/") ? uri : uri + "/";
StringBuilder html = new StringBuilder("<h1>Index of ").append(URLDecoder.decode(uri, "UTF-8")).append("</h1><hr/><pre><a href=\"").append(uri).append("../\">../</a>\n");
File[] subfiles = folder.listFiles();
if (subfiles != null && subfiles.length > 0) {
for (File subfile : subfiles) {
String name = subfile.getName();
html.append("<a href=\"").append(uri).append(name).append("\">").append(name).append("</a>\n");
}
}
html.append("</pre><hr/>");
FullHttpResponse resp = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpResponseStatus.OK);
resp.headers().add(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_TYPE, "text/html;charset=UTF-8");
ByteBuf content = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(html, CharsetUtil.UTF_8);
resp.content().writeBytes(content);
ctx.writeAndFlush(resp).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
} private void returnFile(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpRequest req, File file) throws Exception { RandomAccessFile randomAccessFile = null;
try {
randomAccessFile = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r");
HttpResponse resp = new DefaultHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpResponseStatus.OK);
resp.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_LENGTH, randomAccessFile.length())
.set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_TYPE, "application/octet-stream");
if (HttpHeaders.Values.KEEP_ALIVE.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(req.headers().get(HttpHeaders.Names.CONNECTION))) {
resp.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONNECTION, HttpHeaders.Values.KEEP_ALIVE);
}
ctx.write(resp);
ctx.writeAndFlush(new ChunkedFile(randomAccessFile, 0, randomAccessFile.length(), 8192)).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
sendStatus(ctx, HttpResponseStatus.NOT_FOUND);
} finally {
if (randomAccessFile != null) {
randomAccessFile.close();
}
}
} private void sendStatus(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, HttpResponseStatus status) throws Exception {
HttpResponse resp = new DefaultHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, status);
ctx.writeAndFlush(resp).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
} }

WebSocket协议开发

问题及其解决

1. 轮训、Comet等服务器推送技术效率低下,大量消耗服务器带宽和资源。

2. WebSocket的特点:

a) 单一的TCP连接,全双工模式。

b) 对代理、防火墙和路由器透明。

c) 无头部信息、Cookie和身份验证。

d) 无安全开销。

e) 通过“ping/pong”帧保持链路激活。

f) 服务器可以主动传递消息给客户端,客户端不再轮训。

原理(过程)

1. 浏览器向服务器发起一个HTTP请求(特别的头信息,Sec-WebSocket-Key是随机的),准备建立WebSocket连接。

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: server.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Origin: http://example.com

2. 服务器用Sec-WebSocket-Key加上魔幻字符串“258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11”,先SHA-1加密,再BASE-64编码,作为Sec-WebSocket-Accept返回浏览器。握手完成。

HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: HSmrc0sMlYUkAGmm5OPpG2HaGWk=
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat

3. 服务器和浏览器可通过message方式进行通信。

4. 关闭消息带有一个状态码和一个可选的关闭原因,按协议要求发送一个Close控制帧,当对端接受到关闭控制帧指令时,主动关闭WebSocket连接。

开发

1. 服务器WebSocketServer

 import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpObjectAggregator;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpRequestDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseEncoder;
import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedWriteHandler; public class WebSocketServer { public void run(int port) throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
serverBootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() { @Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpRequestDecoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpObjectAggregator(65536));
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new HttpResponseEncoder());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new ChunkedWriteHandler());
socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new WebSocketServerHandler());
} });
ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(port).sync();
channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
} public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int port = 8080;
new WebSocketServer().run(port);
} }

2. 服务器WebSocketServerHandler

 import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultHttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpRequest;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaders;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseStatus;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpVersion;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.CloseWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.PingWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.PongWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.TextWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketServerHandshaker;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketServerHandshakerFactory; import java.util.Date; public class WebSocketServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<Object> { private WebSocketServerHandshaker handshaker; @Override
protected void messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
// 传统HTTP
if (msg instanceof FullHttpRequest) {
handleHttpRequest(ctx, (FullHttpRequest) msg);
} else if (msg instanceof WebSocketFrame) {
handleWebSocketFrame(ctx, (WebSocketFrame) msg);
}
} @Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.flush();
} private void handleHttpRequest(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpRequest req) throws Exception {
if (!req.getDecoderResult().isSuccess()
|| !HttpHeaders.Values.WEBSOCKET.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(req.headers().get(HttpHeaders.Names.UPGRADE))) {
sendStatus(ctx, HttpResponseStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
return;
}
WebSocketServerHandshakerFactory wsFactory = new WebSocketServerHandshakerFactory("ws://localhost:8080/testws", null, false);
handshaker = wsFactory.newHandshaker(req);
if (handshaker == null) {
WebSocketServerHandshakerFactory.sendUnsupportedWebSocketVersionResponse(ctx.channel());
} else {
handshaker.handshake(ctx.channel(), req);
}
} private void handleWebSocketFrame(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, WebSocketFrame frame) throws Exception {
if (frame instanceof CloseWebSocketFrame) {
handshaker.close(ctx.channel(), (CloseWebSocketFrame) frame.retain());
return;
}
if (frame instanceof PingWebSocketFrame) {
ctx.channel().write(new PongWebSocketFrame(frame.content().retain()));
return;
}
if (!(frame instanceof TextWebSocketFrame)) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
String req = ((TextWebSocketFrame) frame).text();
ctx.channel().write(new TextWebSocketFrame("欢迎" + req + ",现在时刻" + new Date()));
} private void sendStatus(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, HttpResponseStatus status) throws Exception {
HttpResponse resp = new DefaultHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, status);
ctx.writeAndFlush(resp).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
} }

3. 浏览器websocketclient.html

 <script type="text/javascript">
var socket;
function initSocket() {
if (socket) return;
if (!window.WebSocket) window.WebSocket = window.MozWebSocket;
if (!window.WebSocket) {
alert('浏览器不支持WebSocket');
return;
}
socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8080/testws');
socket.onmessage = function(event) {
alert(event.data);
};
socket.onopen = function(event) {
alert('WebSocket连接建立成功');
};
socket.onclose = function(event) {
alert('WebSocket连接已关闭');
};
} function sendMsg() {
initSocket();
if (socket && WebSocket && socket.readyState == WebSocket.OPEN) {
var msg = document.getElementById('msg').value;
socket.send(msg);
}
}
</script>
<input type="text" id="msg"/>
<input type="button" value="Send" onclick="sendMsg()"/>

Netty架构

逻辑架构

1. Netty采用三层网络架构设计和开发。

Netty笔记——技术点汇总

2. Reactor通信调度层(第1层)。负责监听网络的读写和连接操作。将网络层的数据读取到内存缓存区,然后触发各种网络事件,如连接创建、连接激活、读事件、写事件等,将这些事件触发到Pipeline中,有Pipeline管理的责任链进行后续处理。

3. 责任链ChannelPipleline(第2层)。负责事件在责任链中的有序传播,同时动态地编排责任链。通常,由编解码Handler将外部协议消息转换成内部POJO对象,这样上层业务只需关心业务逻辑处理。

4. 业务逻辑编排层Service ChannelHandler(第3层)。通常有两类:存储的业务逻辑编排和其他应用层协议插件,用于特定协议相关的会话和链路管理。

5. 通常,开发者值需关系责任链和业务逻辑编排层。

高性能

Netty的高性能是如何实现的?

1. 采用异步非阻塞IO类库,基于Reactor模式实现,解决了传统同步阻塞IO模式下一个服务端无法平滑处理线性增长的客户端的问题。

2. TCP接收和发送缓冲区使用直接内存代替堆内存,避免内存复制,提升了IO读写性能。俗称“零拷贝”(Zero-Copy)。

3. 通过内存池方式循环利用ByteBuf,避免了频繁创建和销毁ByteBuf带来的性能损耗。

4. 可配置IO线程数、TCP参数等,为不同场景提供定制化的调优参数,满足不同的性能场景。

5. 采用环形数组缓冲区实现无锁化并发编程,代替传统的线程安全容器和锁。

6. 合理使用线程安全容器、原子类等,提升系统的并发处理能力。

7. 关键资源的处理使用单线程串行化方式,避免了多线程并发访问带来的锁竞争和额外的CPU资源消耗问题。

8. 通过引用计数器及时申请释放不再被引用的对象,细粒度的内存管理降低了GC频繁,减少了频繁GC带来的延时和CPU损耗。

可靠性

Netty的可靠性是如何实现的?

1. 链路有效性检测。

a) 长连接无需每次发送消息时创建链路,也无需在消息交互完成后关闭链路,因此相对短链接更高。

b) 为保证长连接有效性,需要周期性心跳检测。一旦发现问题,可以及时关闭链路,重建TCP链接。

2. 内存保护机制。

a) 通过对象引用计数器对ByteBuf等内置对象进行细粒度的内存申请和释放,对非法对象引用进行检测和保护。

b) 通过内存池方式循环利用ByteBuf,节省内存。

c) 可设置内存容量上限,包括ByteBuf、线程池线程数等。

3. 优雅停机。

a) 当系统退出时,JVM通过注册的Shutdown Hook拦截到退出信号量,然后执行退出操作,释放相关模块的资源,将缓冲区的消息处理完成或清空,将待刷新的数据持久化到磁盘或数据库,完成后再退出。

b) 需设置超时时间T,如果达到T后仍然没有退出,则通过“kill -9 pid”强杀进程。

可定制性

Netty的可定制性是如何实现的?

1. 责任链模式:ChannelPipeline基于责任链模式,便于业务逻辑的拦截、定制和扩展。

2. 基于接口开发:关键类库都提供了接口或抽象类。

3. 提供大量工厂类,重载工厂类可创建用户实现的对象。

4. 提供大量系统参数供用户设置。

可扩展性

可定义私有协议栈。

私有协议栈开发

1. 开发时编写的代码。

a) 数据结构NettyMessage;

b) 消息编解码器NettyMessageEncoder和NettyMessageDecoder;

c) 握手认证Handler LoginAuthReqHanlder和LoginAuthRespHanlder;

d) 心跳检测Handler HearBeatReqHanlder和HearBeatRespHanlder。

2. 私有协议栈细节待补充。

作者:netoxi
出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/netoxi
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