本文分析基于Linux Kernel 1.2.13
原创作品，转载请标明http://blog.csdn.net/yming0221/article/details/7514017
更多请看专栏，地址http://blog.csdn.net/column/details/linux-kernel-net.html
作者：闫明
注：标题中的”（上）“，”（下）“表示分析过程基于数据包的传递方向：”（上）“表示分析是从底层向上分析、”（下）“表示分析是从上向下分析。
简单分析了链路层之后，上升到网络层来分析，看看链路层是如何为其上层--网络层服务的。其实在驱动程序层和网络层直接还有一层是接口层，叫做驱动程序接口层，用来整合不同的网络设备。接口层的内容会在上下层中提及。这里我们分析网络IP协议的实现原理。
其实现的文件主要是net/inet/ip.c文件中
我们首先分析下ip_init()初始化函数
这个函数是如何被调用的呢？
下面是调用的过程：
首先是在系统启动过程main.c中调用了sock_init()函数
void sock_init(void)//网络栈初始化{
int i;
printk("Swansea University Computer Society NET3.019\n");
/*
*Initialize all address (protocol) families.
*/
for (i = 0; i < NPROTO; ++i) pops[i] = NULL;
/*
*Initialize the protocols module.
*/
proto_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_NET
/*
*Initialize the DEV module.
*/
dev_init();
/*
*And the bottom half handler
*/
bh_base[NET_BH].routine= net_bh;//设置NET 下半部分的处理函数为net_bh
enable_bh(NET_BH);
#endif
}
然后调用了proto_init()函数
void proto_init(void){extern struct net_proto protocols[];/* Network protocols 全局变量，定义在protocols.c中*/struct net_proto *pro;/* Kick all configured protocols. */pro = protocols;while (pro->name != NULL) //对所有的定义的域进行初始化{(*pro->init_func)(pro);pro++;}/* We're all done... */}
而protocols全局变量协议向量表的定义中对INET域中协议的初始化函数设置为inet_proto_init()
/* *Protocol Table */ struct net_proto protocols[] = {#ifdefCONFIG_UNIX { "UNIX",unix_proto_init},#endif#if defined(CONFIG_IPX)||defined(CONFIG_ATALK) { "802.2",p8022_proto_init }, { "SNAP",snap_proto_init },#endif#ifdef CONFIG_AX25 { "AX.25",ax25_proto_init },#endif #ifdefCONFIG_INET { "INET",inet_proto_init},#endif#ifdef CONFIG_IPX { "IPX",ipx_proto_init },#endif#ifdef CONFIG_ATALK { "DDP",atalk_proto_init },#endif { NULL,NULL}};
看到在inet_proto_init()函数中调用了ip_init()对IP层进行了初始化。
void inet_proto_init(struct net_proto *pro)//INET域协议初始化函数{struct inet_protocol *p;int i;printk("Swansea University Computer Society TCP/IP for NET3.019\n");/* *Tell SOCKET that we are alive... */ (void) sock_register(inet_proto_ops.family, &inet_proto_ops); ...........................................printk("IP Protocols: ");for(p = inet_protocol_base; p != NULL;) //将inet_protocol_base指向的一个inet_protocol结构体加入数组inet_protos中{struct inet_protocol *tmp = (struct inet_protocol *) p->next;inet_add_protocol(p);printk("%s%s",p->name,tmp?", ":"\n");p = tmp;}/* *Set the ARP module up */arp_init();//对地址解析层进行初始化 /* *Set the IP module up */ip_init();//对IP层进行初始化}代码中inet_protocol_base指向的链表为&igmp_protocol-->&icmp_protocol-->&udp_protocol-->&tcp_protocol-->NULL(定义在protocol.c中)
分析ip_init()函数需要先要知道packet_type结构，这个结构体是网络层协议的结构体，网络层协议与该结构体一一对应。
/*该结构用于表示网络层协议，网络层协议与packt_type一一对应*/struct packet_type { unsigned shorttype;/* This is really htons(ether_type). ，对应的网络层协议编号*/ struct device *dev; int(*func) (struct sk_buff *, struct device *, struct packet_type *); void*data; struct packet_type*next;};
第一个字段的网络层协议编号定义在include/linux/if_ether.h中
/* These are the defined Ethernet Protocol ID's. */#define ETH_P_LOOP0x0060/* Ethernet Loopback packet*/#define ETH_P_ECHO0x0200/* Ethernet Echo packet*/#define ETH_P_PUP0x0400/* Xerox PUP packet*/#define ETH_P_IP0x0800/* Internet Protocol packet*/#define ETH_P_ARP0x0806/* Address Resolution packet*/#define ETH_P_RARP 0x8035/* Reverse Addr Res packet*/#define ETH_P_X250x0805/* CCITT X.25*/#define ETH_P_ATALK0x809B/* Appletalk DDP*/#define ETH_P_IPX0x8137/* IPX over DIX*/#define ETH_P_802_30x0001/* Dummy type for 802.3 frames */#define ETH_P_AX250x0002/* Dummy protocol id for AX.25 */#define ETH_P_ALL0x0003/* Every packet (be careful!!!) */#define ETH_P_802_20x0004/* 802.2 frames */#define ETH_P_SNAP0x0005/* Internal only*/
第二个字段表示处理包的网络接口设备，一般初始化为NULL。
第三个字段为相应网络协议的处理函数。
第四个字段是一个void指针。
第五个字段是next指针域，用于将该结构连接成链表。
下面是ip_init()函数
/* *IP registers the packet type and then calls the subprotocol initialisers */void ip_init(void)//该函数在af_inet.c文件中{ip_packet_type.type=htons(ETH_P_IP);dev_add_pack(&ip_packet_type);//将网络协议插入IP协议链表，头插法/* So we flush routes when a device is downed */register_netdevice_notifier(&ip_rt_notifier);//将其插入通知链表/*ip_raw_init();ip_packet_init();ip_tcp_init();ip_udp_init();*/}
这里需要说明的是系统采用主动通知的方式，其实现是有赖于notifier_block结构，其定义在notifier.h中
struct notifier_block{int (*notifier_call)(unsigned long, void *);struct notifier_block *next;int priority;};对于网卡设备而言，网卡设备的启动和关闭是事件，内核需要得到通知从而采取相应的措施。其原理是：当事件发生时，事件通知者便利某个队列，对队列中感兴趣(符合条件)的被通知者调用被通知者注册是定义的通知处理函数，从而达到让内核做出相应的操作。
当硬件缓冲区数据填满后，会执行中断处理程序，以NE 8390网卡为例，由于在ne.c文件中注册中断时的中断处理函数设置如下：
request_irq (dev->irq, ei_interrupt, 0, wordlength==2 ? "ne2000":"ne1000");中断处理函数为ei_interrupt()。执行ei_interrupt()函数时会调用函数ei_recieve()，而ei_recieve()函数会调用netif_rx()函数将以skb_buf的形式发送给上层。
当然netif_rx()函数的特点前面分析过，即Bottom Half技术，使得中断处理过程有效的缩短，提高系统的效率。在下半段该函数会调用dev_transmit()函数，而它会调用函数dev_tint()函数，dev_tinit()会调用函数dev_queue_xmit()，这个函数会调用dev->hard_start_xmit函数，该函数指针在ethdev_init()函数中赋值了：
dev->hard_start_xmit = &ei_start_xmit;//设备的发送函数，定义在8390.c中最后调用ei_start_xmit()函数将数据包从硬件设备中读出放在skb中，即存放到内核空间中。
中断返回后系统会执行下半段，即执行net_bh()函数，该函数会扫描网络协议队列，调用相应的协议的接收函数，IP协议就会调用ip_rcv()
/* *When we are called the queue is ready to grab, the interrupts are *on and hardware can interrupt and queue to the receive queue a we *run with no problems. *This is run as a bottom half after an interrupt handler that does *mark_bh(NET_BH); */ void net_bh(void *tmp){................................... while((skb=skb_dequeue(&backlog))!=NULL)//出队直到队列为空{............................... /** Fetch the packet protocol ID. This is also quite ugly, as* it depends on the protocol driver (the interface itself) to* know what the type is, or where to get it from. The Ethernet* interfaces fetch the ID from the two bytes in the Ethernet MAC*header (the h_proto field in struct ethhdr), but other drivers*may either use the ethernet ID's or extra ones that do not** (eg ETH_P_AX25). We could set this before we queue the*frame. In fact I may change this when I have time.*/type = skb->dev->type_trans(skb, skb->dev);//取出该数据包所属的协议类型/* *We got a packet ID. Now loop over the "known protocols" *table (which is actually a linked list, but this will *change soon if I get my way- FvK), and forward the packet *to anyone who wants it. * *[FvK didn't get his way but he is right this ought to be *hashed so we typically get a single hit. The speed cost *here is minimal but no doubt adds up at the 4,000+ pkts/second *rate we can hit flat out] */pt_prev = NULL;for (ptype = ptype_base; ptype != NULL; ptype = ptype->next) //遍历ptype_base所指向的网络协议队列{ //判断协议号是否匹配if ((ptype->type == type || ptype->type == htons(ETH_P_ALL)) && (!ptype->dev || ptype->dev==skb->dev)){/* *We already have a match queued. Deliver *to it and then remember the new match */if(pt_prev){struct sk_buff *skb2;skb2=skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC);//复制数据包结构/* *Kick the protocol handler. This should be fast *and efficient code. */if(skb2)pt_prev->func(skb2, skb->dev, pt_prev);//调用相应协议的处理函数，//这里和网络协议的种类有关系//如IP 协议的处理函数就是ip_rcv}/* Remember the current last to do */pt_prev=ptype;}} /* End of protocol list loop */...........................................}IP数据包类型的初始化设置在ip.c中
/* *IP protocol layer initialiser */static struct packet_type ip_packet_type ={0,/* MUTTER ntohs(ETH_P_IP),*/NULL,/* All devices */ip_rcv,NULL,NULL,};
接下来分析ip_rcv()函数，这是IP层的接收函数，接收来自链路层的数据。
这里首先了解一下IP数据包的首部结构，结构示意图如下：
标志位三位，分别是：保留，DF(可以分片)，MF（还有后续分片）。
内核中对应的结构体定义如下(include/linux/ip.h)：
/*IP数据包首部结构体*/struct iphdr {#if defined(LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)__u8ihl:4,version:4;#elif defined (BIG_ENDIAN_BITFIELD)__u8version:4, ihl:4;#else#error"Please fix <asm/byteorder.h>"#endif__u8tos;//服务类型__u16tot_len;//总长度__u16id;//标示__u16frag_off;//标志和片偏移__u8ttl;//生存时间__u8protocol;//协议__u16check;//头部校验和__u32saddr;//源地址__u32daddr;//目的地址/*The options start here. */};
内核中用于封装网络数据的最重要的数据结构sk_buff定义在include/linux/skbuff.h中：
struct sk_buff { struct sk_buff* volatile next;//指针域，指向后继 struct sk_buff* volatile prev;//指针域，指向前驱#if CONFIG_SKB_CHECK intmagic_debug_cookie;#endif struct sk_buff* volatile link3;//该指针域用于TCP协议，指向数据包重发队列 struct sock*sk;//该数据指向的套接字 volatile unsigned longwhen;/* used to compute rtt's用于计算往返时间*/ struct timevalstamp; struct device*dev;//标示发送或接收该数据包的接口设备 struct sk_buff*mem_addr;//指向该sk_buff结构指向的内存基地址，用于该数据结构的内存释放 union {//该联合结构用于实现通用struct tcphdr*th;struct ethhdr*eth;//链路层有效struct iphdr*iph;//网络层有效struct udphdr*uh;unsigned char*raw;unsigned longseq;//TCP协议有效，表示该数据包的ACK值 } h; struct iphdr*ip_hdr;/* For IPPROTO_RAW ，指向IP首部指针，用于RAW套接字*/ unsigned longmem_len;//表示该结构的大小和数据帧的总大小 unsigned long len;//表示数据帧大小 unsigned longfraglen;//表示分片个数 struct sk_buff*fraglist;/* Fragment list ，分片数据包队列*/ unsigned longtruesize;//==mem_len unsigned long saddr;//源地址 unsigned long daddr;//目的地址 unsigned longraddr;//数据包的下一站地址 volatile char acked,//==1表示该数据包已经得到确认used,//==1表示该数据包已经被数据包用完，可以释放free,//==1表示该数据包用完后直接释放，不用缓存arp;//==1表示MAC数据帧首部完成，否则表示MAC首部目的硬件地址尚不知晓，需使用ARP协议询问 unsigned chartries,//表示数据包已得到试发送 lock,//表示是否被其他程序使用 localroute,//表示是局域网路由还是广域网路由 pkt_type;//表示数据包的类型，分为，发往本机、广播、多播、发往其他主机#define PACKET_HOST0/* To us */#define PACKET_BROADCAST1#define PACKET_MULTICAST2#define PACKET_OTHERHOST3/* Unmatched promiscuous */ unsigned shortusers;/* User count - see datagram.c (and soon seqpacket.c/stream.c) 使用该数据包的程序数目*/ unsigned shortpkt_class;/* For drivers that need to cache the packet type with the skbuff (new PPP) */#ifdef CONFIG_SLAVE_BALANCING unsigned shortin_dev_queue;//表示数据包是否在设备缓冲队列#endif unsigned longpadding[0];//填充 unsigned chardata[0];//指向数据部分};
ip_rcv()函数流程图：
/* *This function receives all incoming IP datagrams. */int ip_rcv(struct sk_buff *skb, struct device *dev, struct packet_type *pt){struct iphdr *iph = skb->h.iph;struct sock *raw_sk=NULL;unsigned char hash;unsigned char flag = 0;unsigned char opts_p = 0;/* Set iff the packet has options. */struct inet_protocol *ipprot;//每个传输层协议对应一个inet_protocol，用于调用传输层的服务函数static struct options opt; /* since we don't use these yet, and theytake up stack space. */int brd=IS_MYADDR;int is_frag=0;#ifdef CONFIG_IP_FIREWALLint err;#endifip_statistics.IpInReceives++;/* *Tag the ip header of this packet so we can find it */skb->ip_hdr = iph;//设置IP首部指针/* *Is the datagram acceptable? * *1.Length at least the size of an ip header *2.Version of 4 *3.Checksums correctly. [Speed optimisation for later, skip loopback checksums] *(4.We ought to check for IP multicast addresses and undefined types.. does this matter ?) *///IP数据包合法性检查if (skb->len<sizeof(struct iphdr) || iph->ihl<5 || iph->version != 4 ||skb->len<ntohs(iph->tot_len) || ip_fast_csum((unsigned char *)iph, iph->ihl) !=0){ip_statistics.IpInHdrErrors++;kfree_skb(skb, FREE_WRITE);return(0);}/* *See if the firewall wants to dispose of the packet. */#ifdefCONFIG_IP_FIREWALL//检查防火墙是否阻止该数据包，过滤数据包if ((err=ip_fw_chk(iph,dev,ip_fw_blk_chain,ip_fw_blk_policy, 0))!=1){if(err==-1)icmp_send(skb, ICMP_DEST_UNREACH, ICMP_PORT_UNREACH, 0, dev);kfree_skb(skb, FREE_WRITE);return 0;}#endif/* *Our transport medium may have padded the buffer out. Now we know it *is IP we can trim to the true length of the frame. */skb->len=ntohs(iph->tot_len);/* *Next analyse the packet for options. Studies show under one packet in *a thousand have options.... */if (iph->ihl != 5)//IP数据报首部存在选项字段{ /* Fast path for the typical optionless IP packet. */memset((char *) &opt, 0, sizeof(opt));if (do_options(iph, &opt) != 0)return 0;opts_p = 1;}/* *Remember if the frame is fragmented. */ //看该数据包是否含有分片，MF和偏移同时为0，则表示无分片，否则是分片，此处有BUG /* 分片的条件 第一个分片MF=1,offset=0 中间分片MF=1,offset!=0 最后分片MF=1,offset!=0 */if(iph->frag_off){if (iph->frag_off & 0x0020)is_frag|=1;/* *Last fragment ? */if (ntohs(iph->frag_off) & 0x1fff)is_frag|=2;}/* *Do any IP forwarding required. chk_addr() is expensive -- avoid it someday. * *This is inefficient. While finding out if it is for us we could also compute *the routing table entry. This is where the great unified cache theory comes *in as and when someone implements it * *For most hosts over 99% of packets match the first conditional *and don't go via ip_chk_addr. Note: brd is set to IS_MYADDR at *function entry. */if ( iph->daddr != skb->dev->pa_addr && (brd = ip_chk_addr(iph->daddr)) == 0){/* *Don't forward multicast or broadcast frames.广播的数据报不转发 */if(skb->pkt_type!=PACKET_HOST || brd==IS_BROADCAST){kfree_skb(skb,FREE_WRITE);return 0;}/* *The packet is for another target. Forward the frame */#ifdef CONFIG_IP_FORWARDip_forward(skb, dev, is_frag);//转发数据报#else/*printk("Machine %lx tried to use us as a forwarder to %lx but we have forwarding disabled!\n",iph->saddr,iph->daddr);*/ip_statistics.IpInAddrErrors++;#endif/* *The forwarder is inefficient and copies the packet. We *free the original now. */kfree_skb(skb, FREE_WRITE);return(0);}#ifdef CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST//多播if(brd==IS_MULTICAST && iph->daddr!=IGMP_ALL_HOSTS && !(dev->flags&IFF_LOOPBACK)){/* *Check it is for one of our groups */struct ip_mc_list *ip_mc=dev->ip_mc_list;do{if(ip_mc==NULL){kfree_skb(skb, FREE_WRITE);return 0;}if(ip_mc->multiaddr==iph->daddr)break;ip_mc=ip_mc->next;}while(1);}#endif/* *Account for the packet */ #ifdef CONFIG_IP_ACCTip_acct_cnt(iph,dev, ip_acct_chain);#endif/* * Reassemble IP fragments. */if(is_frag)//该数据报是一个分片，进行合并{/* Defragment. Obtain the complete packet if there is one *//*该函数的作用是梳理分片的数据报，如果接收当前分片后,所有分片均已到达*该函数会调用ip_glue()函数进行IP数据报的重组，否则将该IP数据报放到ipq中fragment*字段指向的队列中**/skb=ip_defrag(iph,skb,dev);if(skb==NULL)return 0;skb->dev = dev;iph=skb->h.iph;} /* *Point into the IP datagram, just past the header. */skb->ip_hdr = iph;skb->h.raw += iph->ihl*4;//sk_buff中union类型的h字段永远指向当前正在处理的协议的首部，这里使其指向传输层的首部，用于传输层的处理/* *Deliver to raw sockets. This is fun as to avoid copies we want to make no surplus copies. */ hash = iph->protocol & (SOCK_ARRAY_SIZE-1);/* If there maybe a raw socket we must check - if not we don't care less *///处理RAW类型的套接字if((raw_sk=raw_prot.sock_array[hash])!=NULL){struct sock *sknext=NULL;struct sk_buff *skb1;raw_sk=get_sock_raw(raw_sk, hash, iph->saddr, iph->daddr);if(raw_sk)/* Any raw sockets */{do{/* Find the next */sknext=get_sock_raw(raw_sk->next, hash, iph->saddr, iph->daddr);if(sknext)skb1=skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC);elsebreak;/* One pending raw socket left */if(skb1)raw_rcv(raw_sk, skb1, dev, iph->saddr,iph->daddr);//RAW类型套接字的接收函数raw_sk=sknext;}while(raw_sk!=NULL);/* Here either raw_sk is the last raw socket, or NULL if none *//* We deliver to the last raw socket AFTER the protocol checks as it avoids a surplus copy */}}/* *skb->h.raw now points at the protocol beyond the IP header. */hash = iph->protocol & (MAX_INET_PROTOS -1);//对所有使用IP协议的上层协议套接字处理for (ipprot = (struct inet_protocol *)inet_protos[hash];ipprot != NULL;ipprot=(struct inet_protocol *)ipprot->next){struct sk_buff *skb2;if (ipprot->protocol != iph->protocol)continue; /** See if we need to make a copy of it. This will* only be set if more than one protocol wants it.* and then not for the last one. If there is a pending*raw delivery wait for that*/if (ipprot->copy || raw_sk){skb2 = skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC);if(skb2==NULL)continue;}else{skb2 = skb;}flag = 1; /** Pass on the datagram to each protocol that wants it,* based on the datagram protocol. We should really* check the protocol handler's return values here...*/ipprot->handler(skb2, dev, opts_p ? &opt : 0, iph->daddr,(ntohs(iph->tot_len) - (iph->ihl * 4)),iph->saddr, 0, ipprot);}/* * All protocols checked. * If this packet was a broadcast, we may *not* reply to it, since that * causes (proven, grin) ARP storms and a leakage of memory (i.e. all * ICMP reply messages get queued up for transmission...) */if(raw_sk!=NULL)/* Shift to last raw user */raw_rcv(raw_sk, skb, dev, iph->saddr, iph->daddr);else if (!flag)/* Free and report errors */{if (brd != IS_BROADCAST && brd!=IS_MULTICAST)icmp_send(skb, ICMP_DEST_UNREACH, ICMP_PROT_UNREACH, 0, dev);kfree_skb(skb, FREE_WRITE);}return(0);}
这里会进一步调用raw_rcv()或者相应协议的ipprot->handler来调用传输层服务函数。下篇会进行简单分析。