Linux 文件编码问题及iconv命令

时间:2021-07-22 08:39:16

iconv命令是运行于linux/unix平台的文件编码装换工具。当我们在linux/unix系统shell查看文本文件时,常常会发现文件的中文是乱码的,这是由于文本文件的编码与当前操作系统设置的编码不同而引起的,这时可以使用iconv进行编码转换,从而解决乱码问题。

解决文本文件乱码问题分3步:1.确定文件编码,2.确定iconv是否支持此编码的转换,3.确定Linux/Unix操作系统编码,4.转换文件编码为与系统编码一致;下面通过对test.txt文件来举例。

1、 使用file命令来确定文件编码:
  1. $ file -bi gbk.txt | sed -e 's/.*[ ]charset=//' |tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z'
  2. ISO-8859-1

可见test.txt文件编码为ISO-8859-1编码。

2、 使用iconv -l确定iconv是否支持此种编码的转换:
  1. $ iconv -l | grep ISO-8859-1
  2. ISO-8859-1//
  3. ISO-8859-10//
  4. ISO-8859-11//
  5. ISO-8859-13//
  6. ISO-8859-14//
  7. ISO-8859-15//
  8. ISO-8859-16//
3、 确定Linux/Unix操作系统编码:
  1. $ echo $LANG
  2. zh_CN.UTF-8

当前操作系统坏境编码为"UTF-8"

4、 转换编码
  1. $ iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 test.txt
  2. 测试

注:由于file命令常常会误判编码,如发现转换出来的编码依然是乱码,可将iconv -f的输入编码换成其他常用编码试试: GBK、BIG5、HZ、GB2312、GB18030、ASCII

iconv命令的详细语法:

iconv [选项..] 文件
选项:

-f 输入编码
-t 输出编码
-l 列出所有已知的编码
-o 输出文件

附录字符编码表:

编码集:

ISO-8859-2 ISO 8859-2 standard; ISO Latin 2
ISO-8859-4 ISO 8859-4 standard; Latin 4
ISO-8859-5 ISO 8859-5 standard; ISO Cyrillic
ISO-8859-13 ISO 8859-13 standard; ISO Baltic; Latin 7
ISO-8859-16 ISO 8859-16 standard
CP1125 MS-windows code page 1125
CP1250 MS-Windows code page 1250
CP1251 MS-Windows code page 1251
CP1257 MS-Windows code page 1257; WinBaltRim
IBM852 IBM/MS code page 852; PC (DOS) Latin 2
IBM855 IBM/MS code page 855
IBM775 IBM/MS code page 775
IBM866 IBM/MS code page 866
baltic ISO-IR-179; Baltic
KEYBCS2 Kamenicky encoding; KEYBCS2
macce Macintosh Central European
maccyr Macintosh Cyrillic
ECMA-113 Ecma Cyrillic; ECMA-113
KOI-8_CS_2 KOI8-CS2 code ('T602')
KOI8-R KOI8-R Cyrillic
KOI8-U KOI8-U Cyrillic
KOI8-UNI KOI8-Unified Cyrillic
TeX (La)TeX control sequences
UCS-2 Universal character set 2 bytes; UCS-2; BMP
UCS-4 Universal character set 4 bytes; UCS-4; ISO-10646
UTF-7 Universal transformation format 7 bits; UTF-7
UTF-8 Universal transformation format 8 bits; UTF-8
CORK Cork encoding; T1
GBK Simplified Chinese National Standard; GB2312
BIG5 Traditional Chinese Industrial Standard; Big5
HZ HZ encoded GB2312

行结束符:

/LF LF line terminators
/CRLF CRLF line terminators
N.A. Mixed line terminators
N.A. Surrounded by/intermixed with non-text data
/21 Byte order reversed in pairs (1,2 -> 2,1)
/4321 Byte order reversed in quadruples (1,2,3,4 -> 4,3,2,1)
N.A. Both little and big endian chunks, concatenated
/qp Quoted-printable encoded

各国语言编码集:

Bulgarian CP1251 ISO-8859-5 IBM855 maccyr ECMA-113
Czech ISO-8859-2 CP1250 IBM852 KEYBCS2 macce KOI-8_CS_2 CORK
Estonian ISO-8859-4 CP1257 IBM775 ISO-8859-13 macce baltic
Croatian CP1250 ISO-8859-2 IBM852 macce CORK
Hungarian ISO-8859-2 CP1250 IBM852 macce CORK
Lithuanian CP1257 ISO-8859-4 IBM775 ISO-8859-13 macce baltic
Latvian CP1257 ISO-8859-4 IBM775 ISO-8859-13 macce baltic
Polish ISO-8859-2 CP1250 IBM852 macce ISO-8859-13 ISO-8859-16 baltic CORK
Russian KOI8-R CP1251 ISO-8859-5 IBM866 maccyr
Slovak CP1250 ISO-8859-2 IBM852 KEYBCS2 macce KOI-8_CS_2 CORK
Slovene ISO-8859-2 CP1250 IBM852 macce CORK
Ukrainian CP1251 IBM855 ISO-8859-5 CP1125 KOI8-U maccyr
Chinese GBK BIG5 HZ