说明：本实验是基于oracle 11.2.0.4环境
1：配置环境变量（以下是本实验环境的配置）
[oracle@prod ~]$ cat .bash_profile
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
echo $ORACLE_SID=XX #临时使用
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
export PATH
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=PROD
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
[oracle@prod ~]$
--使环境变量生效，当然，如果重新登陆或者做过切换等操作，此步骤可以省略
[oracle@prod ~]$ . .bash_profile (source)
[oracle@prod ~]$
2：创建密码文件（作用：允许远程用密码方式以sysdba身份登陆数据库，密码文件可有可无）
--切换到存放密码文件的目录
[oracle@prod ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@prod dbs]$ pwd
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs
[oracle@prod dbs]$ ls
init.ora
[oracle@prod dbs]$
--生成密码文件的命令，帮助信息
[oracle@prod dbs]$ orapwd
Usage: orapwd file=<fname> entries=<users> force=<y/n> ignorecase=<y/n> nosysdba=<y/n>
where
file - name of password file (required),
password - password for SYS will be prompted if not specified at command line,
entries - maximum number of distinct DBA (optional),
force - whether to overwrite existing file (optional),
ignorecase - passwords are case-insensitive (optional),
nosysdba - whether to shut out the SYSDBA logon (optional Database Vault only).
There must be no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
[oracle@prod dbs]$
--生成密码文件，密码文件的格式：orapw+SID
[oracle@prod dbs]$ orapwd file=orapwPROD password=oracle
[oracle@prod dbs]$ ls
init.ora orapwPROD
[oracle@prod dbs]$
3：生成pfile文件
[oracle@prod dbs]$ pwd
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs
[oracle@prod dbs]$ ls
init.ora orapwPROD
[oracle@prod dbs]$ cat init.ora |grep -v ^#|grep -v ^$ > initPROD.ora
[oracle@prod dbs]$ ls
init.ora initPROD.ora orapwPROD
[oracle@prod dbs]$
[oracle@prod dbs]$ vi initPROD.ora
db_name='PROD'
memory_target=1G
processes = 150
／／------1G改为800m，否则报错
--注意要校验此路径，在下一步创建目录时，要相同
audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/prod/adump'
#audit_trail ='db'
--把审计的参数注释掉，去掉这个功能，DBCA建库，默认情况下是启用的。
db_block_size=8192
db_domain=''
--关闭快速恢复区
#db_recovery_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/flash_recovery_area'
--关闭快速恢复区，如果需要开启的话，随时可以通过修改参数来完成。
#db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
--注释掉诊断的参数，数据库创建好后，这个参数会自动启用
#diagnostic_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>'
dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'
open_cursors=300
remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
--undo表空间名称，在创建数据库时名称要匹配上
undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
--修改控制文件的名字及位置
control_files = (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/ora_control1.ctl,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/ora_control2.ctl)
compatible ='11.2.0'
4：根据pfile创建目录adump目录和控制文件目录
[oracle@prod ~]$ mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/prod/adump
[oracle@prod ~]$ mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/PROD/
[oracle@prod ~]$
5：通过pfile创建spfile
--查看已存在的pfile文件initPROD.ora
[oracle@prod ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@prod dbs]$ ls
init.ora initPROD.ora orapwPROD
[oracle@prod dbs]$
--验证当前环境变量
[oracle@prod dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
PROD
[oracle@prod dbs]$
--通过pfile创建spfile
[oracle@prod dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Feb 28 16:34:35 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> create spfile from pfile;
File created.
SQL> !ls
init.ora initPROD.ora orapwPROD spfilePROD.ora
SQL>
6：数据库启动到nomount（默认情况下，oracle会使用spfile启动数据库）
[oracle@prod dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Feb 28 17:20:28 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes
Fixed Size 2260088 bytes
Variable Size 671089544 bytes
Database Buffers 390070272 bytes
Redo Buffers 5517312 bytes
SQL>
SQL> show parameter spfile
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------
spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/spfilePROD.ora
SQL>
SQL> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
STARTED
SQL>
7：编写创建数据库脚本
Oracle11g官方文档：
Administrator’s Guide->2 Creating and Configuring an Oracle Database->Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement—>Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement
1)修改数据库名称及相关口令
2)由于是测试环境，所以，可以将日志文件改为1个成员，把成员大小改为10M
3)修改users表空间大小及undo表空间大小
4)修改undo表空间的名称，要与pfile文件中的名称相同
CREATE DATABASE ENMO2
USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY oracle
USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY oracle
LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/redo01a.log') SIZE 10M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/redo02a.log') SIZE 10M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/redo03a.log') SIZE 10M BLOCKSIZE 512
MAXLOGFILES 5
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXLOGHISTORY 1
MAXDATAFILES 100
CHARACTER SET US7ASCII
NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
DEFAULT TABLESPACE users
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/users01.dbf'
SIZE 50M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
TEMPFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/temp01.dbf'
SIZE 20M REUSE
UNDO TABLESPACE UNDOTBS1
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ENMO2/undotbs01.dbf'
SIZE 50M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;
8：创建数据库（数据库此时的状态应该是nomount，直接在sqlplus下执行创建数据库脚本即可）
SQL> CREATE DATABASE PROD
2 USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY oracle
3 USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY oracle
4 LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/redo01a.log') SIZE 10M BLOCKSIZE 512,
5 GROUP 2 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/redo02a.log') SIZE 10M BLOCKSIZE 512,
6 GROUP 3 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/redo03a.log') SIZE 10M BLOCKSIZE 512
7 MAXLOGFILES 5
8 MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
9 MAXLOGHISTORY 1
10 MAXDATAFILES 100
11 CHARACTER SET US7ASCII
12 NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
13 EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
14 DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
15 SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
16 DEFAULT TABLESPACE users
17 DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/users01.dbf'
18 SIZE 50M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
19 DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
20 TEMPFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/temp01.dbf'
21 SIZE 20M REUSE
22 UNDO TABLESPACE UNDOTBS1
23 DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/undotbs01.dbf'
24 SIZE 50M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;
Database created.
SQL> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
OPEN
SQL>
--查看相关参数
SQL> show parameter control_files
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_files string /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/o
ra_control1.ctl, /u01/app/orac
le/oradata/PROD/ora_control2.c
tl
SQL> show parameter undo
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_management string AUTO
undo_retention integer 900
undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS1
SQL> show parameter spfile
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
/dbhome_1/dbs/spfilePROD.ora
SQL>
9：创建字典表及工具包
--必执行脚本
SQL> conn / as sysdba
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql
SQL> conn system/oracle
SQL> @?/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql
--可选脚本
SQL> conn / as sysdba
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/catblock.sql
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/catoctk.sql
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/owminst.plb