一、面向对象基础
1、类(Class): 用来描述具有相同的属性和方法的对象的集合。它定义了该集合中每个对象所共有的属性和方法。对象是类的实例。
类变量:类变量在整个实例化的对象中是公用的。类变量定义在类中且在函数体之外。类变量通常不作为实例变量使用。
数据成员:类变量或者实例变量用于处理类及其实例对象的相关的数据。
方法重写:如果从父类继承的方法不能满足子类的需求,可以对其进行改写,这个过程叫方法的覆盖(override),也称为方法的重写。
实例变量:定义在方法中的变量,只作用于当前实例的类。
继承:即一个派生类(derived class)继承基类(base class)的字段和方法。继承也允许把一个派生类的对象作为一个基类对象对待。例如,有这样一个设计:一个Dog类型的对象派生自Animal类,这是
模拟"是一个(is-a)"关系(例图,Dog是一个Animal)。
实例化:创建一个类的实例,类的具体对象。
方法:类中定义的函数。
对象:通过类定义的数据结构实例。对象包括两个数据成员(类变量和实例变量)和方法。
2、创建对象
class Role(object): #创建一个类名是Role,object是新式类的写法 语法规定必须写
def __init__(self,name,role,weapon,lif_value): self.name = name
self.role = role
self.weapon = weapon
self.lif_value = lif_value
class是关键字,表示类
创建对象,类名称后加括号即可
__init__()方法是一种特殊的方法,被称为类的构造函数或初始化方法,当创建了这个类的实例时就会调用该方法,当类被调用的时候就自动执行这个函数
3、面向对象的三大特性
(1)封装
封装,顾名思义就是将内容封装到某个地方,以后再去调用被封装在某处的内容。
所以,在使用面向对象的封装特性时,需要将内容封装到某处
#创建一个类
class Role(object):
#构造方法
def __init__(self,name,age,job,salary):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.job = job
self.salary = salary #将变量封装到类里的name,age,job,salary里面
user1 = Role('liuyao','21','IT','1000')
user2 = Role('mayun','22','IT','2100')
self 是一个形式参数,当执行 user1 = Role('liuyao','21','IT','1000') 时,
self 等于user1, 当执行 user2 = Role('mayun','22','IT','2100') 时,
self 等于 user2
所以,内容其实被封装到了对象 obj1 和 obj2 中,
每个对象中都有 name,age,job,salary 属性
从某处调用
#创建一个类
class Role(object):
#构造方法
def __init__(self,name,age,job,salary):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.job = job
self.salary = salary #将变量封装到类里的name,age,job,salary里面
#实例化
user1 = Role('liuyao','21','IT','1000')
user2 = Role('mayun','22','IT','2100')
#调用name
print (user1.name)
#调用age
print (user1.age) #调用name
print (user2.name)
#调用age
print (user2.age)
2、继承
继承,面向对象中的继承和现实生活中的继承相同,即:子可以继承父的内容
面向对象编程 (OOP) 语言的一个主要功能就是“继承”。继承是指这样一种能力:它可以使用现有类的所有功能,并在无需重新编写原来的类的情况下对这些功能进行扩展。
通过继承创建的新类称为“子类”或“派生类”。
被继承的类称为“基类”、“父类”或“超类”。
继承的过程,就是从一般到特殊的过程。
要实现继承,可以通过“继承”(Inheritance)和“组合”(Composition)来实现。
在某些 OOP 语言中,一个子类可以继承多个基类。但是一般情况下,一个子类只能有一个基类,要实现多重继承,可以通过多级继承来实现。
继承概念的实现方式有三类:实现继承、接口继承和可视继承。
Ø 实现继承是指使用基类的属性和方法而无需额外编码的能力;
Ø 接口继承是指仅使用属性和方法的名称、但是子类必须提供实现的能力;
Ø 可视继承是指子窗体(类)使用基窗体(类)的外观和实现代码的能力
代码实例:
1、伪代码
继承,面向对象中的继承和现实生活中的继承相同,即:子可以继承父的内容。 例如: 猫可以:喵喵叫、吃、喝、拉、撒 狗可以:汪汪叫、吃、喝、拉、撒 如果我们要分别为猫和狗创建一个类,那么就需要为 猫 和 狗 实现他们所有的功能,如下所示:
class 猫: def 喵喵叫(self):
print '喵喵叫' def 吃(self):
# do something def 喝(self):
# do something def 拉(self):
# do something def 撒(self):
# do something class 狗: def 汪汪叫(self):
print '喵喵叫' def 吃(self):
# do something def 喝(self):
# do something def 拉(self):
# do something def 撒(self):
# do something
上述代码不难看出,吃、喝、拉、撒是猫和狗都具有的功能,而我们却分别的猫和狗的类中编写了两次。如果使用 继承 的思想,如下实现: 动物:吃、喝、拉、撒 猫:喵喵叫(猫继承动物的功能) 狗:汪汪叫(狗继承动物的功能) 2、伪代码
class 动物: def 吃(self):
# do something def 喝(self):
# do something def 拉(self):
# do something def 撒(self):
# do something # 在类后面括号中写入另外一个类名,表示当前类继承另外一个类
class 猫(动物): def 喵喵叫(self):
print '喵喵叫' # 在类后面括号中写入另外一个类名,表示当前类继承另外一个类
class 狗(动物): def 汪汪叫(self):
print '喵喵叫' 3、代码实例
class Animal: def eat(self):
print "%s 吃 " %self.name def drink(self):
print "%s 喝 " %self.name def shit(self):
print "%s 拉 " %self.name def pee(self):
print "%s 撒 " %self.name class Cat(Animal): def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.breed = '猫' def cry(self):
print '喵喵叫' class Dog(Animal): def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.breed = '狗' def cry(self):
print '汪汪叫' # ######### 执行 ######### c1 = Cat('小白家的小黑猫')
c1.eat() c2 = Cat('小黑的小白猫')
c2.drink() d1 = Dog('胖子家的小瘦狗')
d1.eat()
所以,对于面向对象的继承来说,其实就是将多个类共有的方法提取到父类中,子类仅需继承父类而不必一一实现每个方法。
除了子类和父类的称谓,你可能看到过 派生类 和 基类 ,他们与子类和父类只是叫法不同而已。
那么问题又来了,多继承呢?
- 是否可以继承多个类
- 如果继承的多个类每个类中都定了相同的函数,那么那一个会被使用呢?
1、Python的类可以继承多个类,Java和C#中则只能继承一个类
2、Python的类如果继承了多个类,那么其寻找方法的方式有两种,分别是:深度优先和广度优先
二、XML模块
XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议,XML文件格式如下:
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
1、解析XML
利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
2、操作XML
class Element:
"""An XML element. This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface. An element's length is its number of subelements. That means if you
want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
its length AND its text attribute. The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
bytes or strings. *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
keyword arguments. Example form:
<tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail """ 当前节点的标签名
tag = None
"""The element's name.""" 当前节点的属性 attrib = None
"""Dictionary of the element's attributes.""" 当前节点的内容
text = None
"""
Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
None or the empty string, depending on the parser. """ tail = None
"""
Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's
start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there
was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
depending on the parser. """ def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
attrib.__class__.__name__,))
attrib = attrib.copy()
attrib.update(extra)
self.tag = tag
self.attrib = attrib
self._children = [] def __repr__(self):
return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self)) def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
创建一个新节点
"""Create a new element with the same type. *tag* is a string containing the element name.
*attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes. Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead. """
return self.__class__(tag, attrib) def copy(self):
"""Return copy of current element. This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
original tree. """
elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
elem.text = self.text
elem.tail = self.tail
elem[:] = self
return elem def __len__(self):
return len(self._children) def __bool__(self):
warnings.warn(
"The behavior of this method will change in future versions. "
"Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",
FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now def __getitem__(self, index):
return self._children[index] def __setitem__(self, index, element):
# if isinstance(index, slice):
# for elt in element:
# assert iselement(elt)
# else:
# assert iselement(element)
self._children[index] = element def __delitem__(self, index):
del self._children[index] def append(self, subelement):
为当前节点追加一个子节点
"""Add *subelement* to the end of this element. The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),
but before the end tag for this element. """
self._assert_is_element(subelement)
self._children.append(subelement) def extend(self, elements):
为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
"""Append subelements from a sequence. *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements. """
for element in elements:
self._assert_is_element(element)
self._children.extend(elements) def insert(self, index, subelement):
在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点,即:为当前节点创建子节点,然后插入指定位置
"""Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
self._assert_is_element(subelement)
self._children.insert(index, subelement) def _assert_is_element(self, e):
# Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
# shadowing C implementation.
if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__) def remove(self, subelement):
在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
"""Remove matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by
other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
the parent element. ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found. """
# assert iselement(element)
self._children.remove(subelement) def getchildren(self):
获取所有的子节点(废弃)
"""(Deprecated) Return all subelements. Elements are returned in document order. """
warnings.warn(
"This method will be removed in future versions. "
"Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return self._children def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取第一个寻找到的子节点
"""Find first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found. """
return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces) def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
"""Find text for first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text
content, the empty string is returned. """
return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces) def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取所有的子节点
"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Returns list containing all matching elements in document order. """
return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces) def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取所有指定的节点,并创建一个迭代器(可以被for循环)
"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order. """
return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces) def clear(self):
清空节点
"""Reset element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
the text and tail attributes to None. """
self.attrib.clear()
self._children = []
self.text = self.tail = None def get(self, key, default=None):
获取当前节点的属性值
"""Get element attribute. Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and
*default* is what to return if the attribute was not found. Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
attribute was not found. """
return self.attrib.get(key, default) def set(self, key, value):
为当前节点设置属性值
"""Set element attribute. Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and
*value* is the attribute value to set it to. """
self.attrib[key] = value def keys(self):
获取当前节点的所有属性的 key """Get list of attribute names. Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys() """
return self.attrib.keys() def items(self):
获取当前节点的所有属性值,每个属性都是一个键值对
"""Get element attributes as a sequence. The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to
attrib.items(). Return a list of (name, value) tuples. """
return self.attrib.items() def iter(self, tag=None):
在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点,并返回一个迭代器(可以被for循环)。
"""Create tree iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
order, returning all elements with a matching tag. If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed
elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the
list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list. *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements) Return an iterator containing all the matching elements. """
if tag == "*":
tag = None
if tag is None or self.tag == tag:
yield self
for e in self._children:
yield from e.iter(tag) # compatibility
def getiterator(self, tag=None):
# Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
warnings.warn(
"This method will be removed in future versions. "
"Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.",
PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return list(self.iter(tag)) def itertext(self):
在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容,并返回一个迭代器(可以被for循环)。
"""Create text iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
order, returning all inner text. """
tag = self.tag
if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:
return
if self.text:
yield self.text
for e in self:
yield from e.itertext()
if e.tail:
yield e.tail
由于 每个节点 都具有以上的方法,并且在上一步骤中解析时均得到了root(xml文件的根节点),so 可以利用以上方法进行操作xml文件。
a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历XML文档的第二层
for child in root:
# 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
# 遍历XML文档的第三层
for i in child:
# 第二层节点的标签名称和内容
print(i.tag,i.text)
b、遍历XML中指定的节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历XML中所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 节点的标签名称和内容
print(node.tag, node.text)
c、修改节点内容
由于修改的节点时,均是在内存中进行,其不会影响文件中的内容。所以,如果想要修改,则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ # 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '')
# 删除属性
del node.attrib['name'] ############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
复制代码 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '')
# 删除属性
del node.attrib['name'] ############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8') 复制代码
d、删除节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############ # 打开文件,读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象,root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
# 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50:
# 删除指定country节点
root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析文件方式 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
# 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50:
# 删除指定country节点
root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
3、创建XML
#方式一:
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False) #方式二:
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False) #方式三:
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"}) # 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子' et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进,如果想要设置缩进的话, 需要修改保存方式:
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
from xml.dom import minidom def prettify(elem):
"""将节点转换成字符串,并添加缩进。
"""
rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8')
reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)
return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t") # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1) raw_str = prettify(root) f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()