新课程知识的引入：python作用域
#python中无块级别作用域 if 1 == 1 :
name = 'alex' print(name) for i in range(10):
name = i
print(name) #python中以函数为作用域 def func():
name = 'alex' print(name) #程序执行结果
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "D:/PythonS13/Day10/С֪ʶ��1_python������.py", line 22, in <module>
# print(name)
# NameError: name 'name' is not defined name = 'alex'
def f1():
name = 'eric'
print(name)
f1() 程序执行结果
eric
#python中有作用域链条
#查找循序，由内向外查找，直到找不到报错
name = 'alex'
def f1():
name = 'a'
def f2():
name = 'b'
print(name)
f2()
#f1()
#python的作用域在执行之前已经确定
新浪面试题
#新浪面试题：语法点
li = [x+100 for x in ran
li = [x+100 for x in ran
#print(li) def f1():
return x
li = [lambda :x for x in
r = li[1]()
print(r) li = []
for i in range(10):
def f1():
return i
li.append(f1) #li类型是列表
#li列表中的元素：【函数，函数，.......
#函数在没有执行前，内部代码不执行
#？li[0],函数
#？函数（）
#返回值是???? #需要主要的知识点：
#本质：for循环过程中，函数没有被执行，
#当for循环执行完成后，x=9
IO多路复用
I/O多路复用指：通过一种机制，可以监视多个描述符，一旦某个描述符就绪（一般是读就绪或者写就绪），能够通知程序进行相应的读写操作。
Linux
Linux中的 select，poll，epoll 都是IO多路复用的机制。
select select最早于1983年出现在4.2BSD中，它通过一个select()系统调用来监视多个文件描述符的数组，当select()返回后，该数组中就绪的文件描述符便会被内核修改标志位，使得进程可以获得这些文件描述符从而进行后续的读写操作。
select目前几乎在所有的平台上支持，其良好跨平台支持也是它的一个优点，事实上从现在看来，这也是它所剩不多的优点之一。
select的一个缺点在于单个进程能够监视的文件描述符的数量存在最大限制，在Linux上一般为1024，不过可以通过修改宏定义甚至重新编译内核的方式提升这一限制。
另外，select()所维护的存储大量文件描述符的数据结构，随着文件描述符数量的增大，其复制的开销也线性增长。同时，由于网络响应时间的延迟使得大量TCP连接处于非活跃状态，但调用select()会对所有socket进行一次线性扫描，所以这也浪费了一定的开销。 poll poll在1986年诞生于System V Release 3，它和select在本质上没有多大差别，但是poll没有最大文件描述符数量的限制。
poll和select同样存在一个缺点就是，包含大量文件描述符的数组被整体复制于用户态和内核的地址空间之间，而不论这些文件描述符是否就绪，它的开销随着文件描述符数量的增加而线性增大。
另外，select()和poll()将就绪的文件描述符告诉进程后，如果进程没有对其进行IO操作，那么下次调用select()和poll()的时候将再次报告这些文件描述符，所以它们一般不会丢失就绪的消息，这种方式称为水平触发（Level Triggered）。 epoll 直到Linux2.6才出现了由内核直接支持的实现方法，那就是epoll，它几乎具备了之前所说的一切优点，被公认为Linux2.6下性能最好的多路I/O就绪通知方法。
epoll可以同时支持水平触发和边缘触发（Edge Triggered，只告诉进程哪些文件描述符刚刚变为就绪状态，它只说一遍，如果我们没有采取行动，那么它将不会再次告知，这种方式称为边缘触发），理论上边缘触发的性能要更高一些，但是代码实现相当复杂。
epoll同样只告知那些就绪的文件描述符，而且当我们调用epoll_wait()获得就绪文件描述符时，返回的不是实际的描述符，而是一个代表就绪描述符数量的值，你只需要去epoll指定的一个数组中依次取得相应数量的文件描述符即可，这里也使用了内存映射（mmap）技术，这样便彻底省掉了这些文件描述符在系统调用时复制的开销。
另一个本质的改进在于epoll采用基于事件的就绪通知方式。在select/poll中，进程只有在调用一定的方法后，内核才对所有监视的文件描述符进行扫描，而epoll事先通过epoll_ctl()来注册一个文件描述符，一旦基于某个文件描述符就绪时，内核会采用类似callback的回调机制，迅速激活这个文件描述符，当进程调用epoll_wait()时便得到通知。
Python
Python中有一个select模块，其中提供了：select、poll、epoll三个方法，分别调用系统的 select，poll，epoll 从而实现IO多路复用。
Windows Python：
提供： select
Mac Python：
提供： select
Linux Python：
提供： select、poll、epoll
注意：网络操作、文件操作、终端操作等均属于IO操作，对于windows只支持Socket操作，其他系统支持其他IO操作，但是无法检测 普通文件操作 自动上次读取是否已经变化
对于select方法：
句柄列表11, 句柄列表22, 句柄列表33 = select.select(句柄序列1, 句柄序列2, 句柄序列3, 超时时间) 参数： 可接受四个参数（前三个必须）
返回值：三个列表 select方法用来监视文件句柄，如果句柄发生变化，则获取该句柄。
1、当 参数1 序列中的句柄发生可读时（accetp和read），则获取发生变化的句柄并添加到 返回值1 序列中
2、当 参数2 序列中含有句柄时，则将该序列中所有的句柄添加到 返回值2 序列中
3、当 参数3 序列中的句柄发生错误时，则将该发生错误的句柄添加到 返回值3 序列中
4、当 超时时间 未设置，则select会一直阻塞，直到监听的句柄发生变化
当 超时时间 ＝ 1时，那么如果监听的句柄均无任何变化，则select会阻塞 1 秒，之后返回三个空列表，如果监听的句柄有变化，则直接执行。
利用select监听终端操作实例
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import select
import threading
import sys while True:
readable, writeable, error = select.select([sys.stdin,],[],[],1)
if sys.stdin in readable:
print ('select get stdin',sys.stdin.readline())
利用select实现伪同时处理多个socket客户端请求：服务端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import socket
import select sk1 = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sk1.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sk1.bind(('127.0.0.1',8002))
sk1.listen(5)
sk1.setblocking(0) inputs = [sk1,] while True:
readable_list, writeable_list, error_list = select.select(inputs, [], inputs, 1)
for r in readable_list:
# 当客户端第一次连接服务端时
if sk1 == r:
print 'accept'
request, address = r.accept()
request.setblocking(0)
inputs.append(request)
# 当客户端连接上服务端之后，再次发送数据时
else:
received = r.recv(1024)
# 当正常接收客户端发送的数据时
if received:
print ('received data:', received)
# 当客户端关闭程序时
else:
inputs.remove(r) sk1.close()
利用select实现伪同时处理多个socket客户端请求：客户端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import socket ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',8002)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port) while True:
inp = input('please input:')
sk.sendall(inp)
sk.close()
此处的Socket服务端相比与原生的Socket，他支持当某一个请求不再发送数据时，服务器端不会等待而是可以去处理其他请求的数据。但是，如果每个请求的耗时比较长时，select版本的服务器端也无法完成同时操作。
基于select实现socket服务端
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf8 '''
服务器的实现 采用select的方式
''' import select
import socket
import sys
import Queue #创建套接字并设置该套接字为非阻塞模式 server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
server.setblocking(0) #绑定套接字
server_address = ('localhost',10000)
print >>sys.stderr,'starting up on %s port %s'% server_address
server.bind(server_address) #将该socket变成服务模式
#backlog等于5，表示内核已经接到了连接请求，但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5
#这个值不能无限大，因为要在内核中维护连接队列 server.listen(5) #初始化读取数据的监听列表,最开始时希望从server这个套接字上读取数据
inputs = [server] #初始化写入数据的监听列表，最开始并没有客户端连接进来，所以列表为空 outputs = [] #要发往客户端的数据
message_queues = {}
while inputs:
print >>sys.stderr,'waiting for the next event'
#调用select监听所有监听列表中的套接字，并将准备好的套接字加入到对应的列表中
readable,writable,exceptional = select.select(inputs,outputs,inputs)#列表中的socket 套接字 如果是文件呢？
#监控文件句柄有某一处发生了变化 可写 可读 异常属于Linux中的网络编程
#属于同步I/O操作，属于I/O复用模型的一种
#rlist--等待到准备好读
#wlist--等待到准备好写
#xlist--等待到一种异常
#处理可读取的套接字 '''
如果server这个套接字可读，则说明有新链接到来
此时在server套接字上调用accept,生成一个与客户端通讯的套接字
并将与客户端通讯的套接字加入inputs列表，下一次可以通过select检查连接是否可读
然后在发往客户端的缓冲中加入一项，键名为:与客户端通讯的套接字，键值为空队列
select系统调用是用来让我们的程序监视多个文件句柄(file descrīptor)的状态变化的。程序会停在select这里等待，
直到被监视的文件句柄有某一个或多个发生了状态改变
''' '''
若可读的套接字不是server套接字,有两种情况:一种是有数据到来，另一种是链接断开
如果有数据到来,先接收数据,然后将收到的数据填入往客户端的缓存区中的对应位置，最后
将于客户端通讯的套接字加入到写数据的监听列表:
如果套接字可读.但没有接收到数据，则说明客户端已经断开。这时需要关闭与客户端连接的套接字
进行资源清理
''' for s in readable:
if s is server:
connection,client_address = s.accept()
print >>sys.stderr,'connection from',client_address
connection.setblocking(0)#设置非阻塞
inputs.append(connection)
message_queues[connection] = Queue.Queue()
else:
data = s.recv(1024)
if data:
print >>sys.stderr,'received "%s" from %s'% \
(data,s.getpeername())
message_queues[s].put(data)
if s not in outputs:
outputs.append(s)
else:
print >>sys.stderr,'closing',client_address
if s in outputs:
outputs.remove(s)
inputs.remove(s)
s.close()
del message_queues[s] #处理可写的套接字
'''
在发送缓冲区中取出响应的数据，发往客户端。
如果没有数据需要写，则将套接字从发送队列中移除，select中不再监视
''' for s in writable:
try:
next_msg = message_queues[s].get_nowait() except Queue.Empty:
print >>sys.stderr,' ',s,getpeername(),'queue empty'
outputs.remove(s)
else:
print >>sys.stderr,'sending "%s" to %s'% \
(next_msg,s.getpeername())
s.send(next_msg) #处理异常情况 for s in exceptional:
for s in exceptional:
print >>sys.stderr,'exception condition on',s.getpeername()
inputs.remove(s)
if s in outputs:
outputs.remove(s)
s.close()
del message_queues[s]
socketserver模块
SocketServer内部使用 IO多路复用 以及 “多线程” 和 “多进程” ，从而实现并发处理多个客户端请求的Socket服务端。即：每个客户端请求连接到服务器时，Socket服务端都会在服务器是创建一个“线程”或者“进程” 专门负责处理当前客户端的所有请求。
ThreadingTCPServer
ThreadingTCPServer实现的Soket服务器内部会为每个client创建一个 “线程”，该线程用来和客户端进行交互。
1、ThreadingTCPServer基础
使用ThreadingTCPServer:
- 创建一个继承自 SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类
- 类中必须定义一个名称为 handle 的方法
- 启动ThreadingTCPServer
socketserver实现服务器
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import SocketServer class MyServer(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self):
# print self.request,self.client_address,self.server
conn = self.request
conn.sendall('欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.')
Flag = True
while Flag:
data = conn.recv(1024)
if data == 'exit':
Flag = False
elif data == '0':
conn.sendall('通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推')
else:
conn.sendall('请重新输入.') if __name__ == '__main__':
server = SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer(('127.0.0.1',8009),MyServer)
server.serve_forever()
客户端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import socket ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',8009)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port)
sk.settimeout(5) while True:
data = sk.recv(1024)
print 'receive:',data
inp = raw_input('please input:')
sk.sendall(inp)
if inp == 'exit':
break sk.close()
2、ThreadingTCPServer源码剖析
ThreadingTCPServer的类图关系如下：
内部调用流程为：
- 启动服务端程序
- 执行 TCPServer.__init__ 方法，创建服务端Socket对象并绑定 IP 和 端口
- 执行 BaseServer.__init__ 方法，将自定义的继承自SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类 MyRequestHandle赋值给self.RequestHandlerClass
- 执行 BaseServer.server_forever 方法，While 循环一直监听是否有客户端请求到达 ...
- 当客户端连接到达服务器
- 执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request 方法，创建一个 “线程” 用来处理请求
- 执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request_thread 方法
- 执行 BaseServer.finish_request 方法，执行 self.RequestHandlerClass() 即：执行 自定义 MyRequestHandler 的构造方法（自动调用基类BaseRequestHandler的构造方法，在该构造方法中又会调用 MyRequestHandler的handle方法）
ThreadingTCPServer相关源码：
BaseServer
class BaseServer:
"""Base class for server classes.
Methods for the caller:
- __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
- shutdown()
- handle_request() # if you do not use serve_forever()
- fileno() -> int # for select()
Methods that may be overridden:
- server_bind()
- server_activate()
- get_request() -> request, client_address
- handle_timeout()
- verify_request(request, client_address)
- server_close()
- process_request(request, client_address)
- shutdown_request(request)
- close_request(request)
- handle_error()
Methods for derived classes:
- finish_request(request, client_address)
Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
instances:
- timeout
- address_family
- socket_type
- allow_reuse_address
Instance variables:
- RequestHandlerClass
- socket
"""
timeout = None
def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass):
"""Constructor. May be extended, do not override."""
self.server_address = server_address
self.RequestHandlerClass = RequestHandlerClass
self.__is_shut_down = threading.Event()
self.__shutdown_request = False
def server_activate(self):
"""Called by constructor to activate the server.
May be overridden.
"""
pass
def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):
"""Handle one request at a time until shutdown.
Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
another thread.
"""
self.__is_shut_down.clear()
try:
while not self.__shutdown_request:
# XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or
# connecting to the socket to wake this up instead of
# polling. Polling reduces our responsiveness to a
# shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other times.
r, w, e = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [],
poll_interval)
if self in r:
self._handle_request_noblock()
finally:
self.__shutdown_request = False
self.__is_shut_down.set()
def shutdown(self):
"""Stops the serve_forever loop.
Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while
serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will
deadlock.
"""
self.__shutdown_request = True
self.__is_shut_down.wait()
# The distinction between handling, getting, processing and
# finishing a request is fairly arbitrary. Remember:
#
# - handle_request() is the top-level call. It calls
# select, get_request(), verify_request() and process_request()
# - get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets
# - process_request() is the place that may fork a new process
# or create a new thread to finish the request
# - finish_request() instantiates the request handler class;
# this constructor will handle the request all by itself
def handle_request(self):
"""Handle one request, possibly blocking.
Respects self.timeout.
"""
# Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape
# handle_request before self.timeout was available.
timeout = self.socket.gettimeout()
if timeout is None:
timeout = self.timeout
elif self.timeout is not None:
timeout = min(timeout, self.timeout)
fd_sets = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [], timeout)
if not fd_sets[0]:
self.handle_timeout()
return
self._handle_request_noblock()
def _handle_request_noblock(self):
"""Handle one request, without blocking.
I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is
readable before this function was called, so there should be
no risk of blocking in get_request().
"""
try:
request, client_address = self.get_request()
except socket.error:
return
if self.verify_request(request, client_address):
try:
self.process_request(request, client_address)
except:
self.handle_error(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
def handle_timeout(self):
"""Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.
Overridden by ForkingMixIn.
"""
pass
def verify_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Verify the request. May be overridden.
Return True if we should proceed with this request.
"""
return True
def process_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Call finish_request.
Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn.
"""
self.finish_request(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
def server_close(self):
"""Called to clean-up the server.
May be overridden.
"""
pass
def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""
self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)
def shutdown_request(self, request):
"""Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
self.close_request(request)
def close_request(self, request):
"""Called to clean up an individual request."""
pass
def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
"""Handle an error gracefully. May be overridden.
The default is to print a traceback and continue.
"""
print '-'*40
print 'Exception happened during processing of request from',
print client_address
import traceback
traceback.print_exc() # XXX But this goes to stderr!
print '-'*40
TCPSserver
class TCPServer(BaseServer):
"""Base class for various socket-based server classes.
Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP).
Methods for the caller:
- __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
- shutdown()
- handle_request() # if you don't use serve_forever()
- fileno() -> int # for select()
Methods that may be overridden:
- server_bind()
- server_activate()
- get_request() -> request, client_address
- handle_timeout()
- verify_request(request, client_address)
- process_request(request, client_address)
- shutdown_request(request)
- close_request(request)
- handle_error()
Methods for derived classes:
- finish_request(request, client_address)
Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
instances:
- timeout
- address_family
- socket_type
- request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)
- allow_reuse_address
Instance variables:
- server_address
- RequestHandlerClass
- socket
"""
address_family = socket.AF_INET
socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM
request_queue_size = 5
allow_reuse_address = False
def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True):
"""Constructor. May be extended, do not override."""
BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
self.socket = socket.socket(self.address_family,
self.socket_type)
if bind_and_activate:
try:
self.server_bind()
self.server_activate()
except:
self.server_close()
raise
def server_bind(self):
"""Called by constructor to bind the socket.
May be overridden.
"""
if self.allow_reuse_address:
self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
self.socket.bind(self.server_address)
self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()
def server_activate(self):
"""Called by constructor to activate the server.
May be overridden.
"""
self.socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)
def server_close(self):
"""Called to clean-up the server.
May be overridden.
"""
self.socket.close()
def fileno(self):
"""Return socket file number.
Interface required by select().
"""
return self.socket.fileno()
def get_request(self):
"""Get the request and client address from the socket.
May be overridden.
"""
return self.socket.accept()
def shutdown_request(self, request):
"""Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
try:
#explicitly shutdown. socket.close() merely releases
#the socket and waits for GC to perform the actual close.
request.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
except socket.error:
pass #some platforms may raise ENOTCONN here
self.close_request(request)
def close_request(self, request):
"""Called to clean up an individual request."""
request.close()
ThreadingMixIn
class ThreadingMixIn:
"""Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread.""" # Decides how threads will act upon termination of the
# main process
daemon_threads = False def process_request_thread(self, request, client_address):
"""Same as in BaseServer but as a thread. In addition, exception handling is done here. """
try:
self.finish_request(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
except:
self.handle_error(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request) def process_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Start a new thread to process the request."""
t = threading.Thread(target = self.process_request_thread,
args = (request, client_address))
t.daemon = self.daemon_threads
t.start()
ThreadingTCPServer
class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass
RequestHandler相关源码
socketserver_BaseRequestHandler
class BaseRequestHandler:
"""Base class for request handler classes.
This class is instantiated for each request to be handled. The
constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address
and server, and then calls the handle() method. To implement a
specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which
defines a handle() method.
The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the
client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it
needs access to per-server information) as self.server. Since a
separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method
can define arbitrary other instance variariables.
"""
def __init__(self, request, client_address, server):
self.request = request
self.client_address = client_address
self.server = server
self.setup()
try:
self.handle()
finally:
self.finish()
def setup(self):
pass
def handle(self):
pass
def finish(self):
pass
实例：
服务端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import SocketServer class MyServer(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self):
# print self.request,self.client_address,self.server
conn = self.request
conn.sendall('欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.')
Flag = True
while Flag:
data = conn.recv(1024)
if data == 'exit':
Flag = False
elif data == '0':
conn.sendall('通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推')
else:
conn.sendall('请重新输入.') if __name__ == '__main__':
server = SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer(('127.0.0.1',8009),MyServer)
server.serve_forever()
客户端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import socket ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',8009)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port)
sk.settimeout(5) while True:
data = sk.recv(1024)
print 'receive:',data
inp = raw_input('please input:')
sk.sendall(inp)
if inp == 'exit':
break sk.close()
源码精简
import socket
import threading
import select def process(request, client_address):
print request,client_address
conn = request
conn.sendall('欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.')
flag = True
while flag:
data = conn.recv(1024)
if data == 'exit':
flag = False
elif data == '0':
conn.sendall('通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推')
else:
conn.sendall('请重新输入.') sk = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sk.bind(('127.0.0.1',8002))
sk.listen(5) while True:
r, w, e = select.select([sk,],[],[],1)
print 'looping'
if sk in r:
print 'get request'
request, client_address = sk.accept()
t = threading.Thread(target=process, args=(request, client_address))
t.daemon = False
t.start() sk.close()
如精简代码可以看出，SocketServer的ThreadingTCPServer之所以可以同时处理请求得益于 select 和 Threading 两个东西，其实本质上就是在服务器端为每一个客户端创建一个线程，当前线程用来处理对应客户端的请求，所以，可以支持同时n个客户端链接（长连接）。