文件名称：atlas compressor manual
文件大小：4.9MB
文件格式：PDF
更新时间：2014-05-10 09:39:47
atlas compressor manual
http://www.pumpvip.com/?fromuser=alaine1114 1.1 Physics, General 10 1.1.1 The structure of matter 10 1.1.2 The molecule and the different states of matter 10 1.2 Physical units 11 1.2.1 Pressure 11 1.2.2 Temperature 12 1.2.3 Thermal capacity 13 1.2.4 Work 13 1.2.5 Power 13 1.2.6 Volume rate of flow 13 1.3 Thermodynamics 14 1.3.1 Main principles 14 1.3.2 Gas laws 14 1.3.3 Heat transfer 15 1.3.4 Changes in state 16 1.3.4.1 Isochoric process 16 1.3.4.2 Isobaric process 17 1.3.4.3 Isothermic process 17 1.3.4.4 Isentropic process 18 1.3.4.5 Polytropic process 18 1.3.5 Gas flow through nozzles 18 1.3.6 Flow through pipes 19 1.3.7 Throttling 19 1.4 Air 20 1.4.1 Air in general 20 1.4.2 Moist air 20 1.5 Types of compressors 21 1.5.1 Two basic principles 21 1.5.2 Displacement compressors 21 1.5.3 The compressor diagram for displacement compressors 23 1.5.4 Dynamic compressors 24 1.5.5 Compression in several stages 24 1.5.6 Comparison between displacement and centrifugal compressors 25 Chapter 1 Theory 1.6 Electricity 25 1.6.1 Basic terms and definitions 25 1.6.2 Ohm’s law for alternating current 26 1.6.3 Three-phase system 27 1.6.4 Power 27 1.6.5 The electric motor 28 1.6.5.1 Speed 28 1.6.5.2 Efficiency 28 1.6.5.3 Insulation class 28 1.6.5.4 Protection classes 28 1.6.5.5 Cooling methods 29 1.6.5.6 Installation method 29 1.6.5.7 Star (Y) and delta (Δ) connections 29 1.6.5.8 Torque 30 Chapter 2 Compressors and auxiliary equipment 2.1 Displacement compressors 34 2.1.1 Displacement compressors in general 34 2.1.2 Piston compressors 34 2.1.3 Oil-free piston compressors 37 2.1.4 Diaphragm compressors 37 2.1.5 Screw compressors 37 2.1.5.1 Oil-free screw compressor 39 2.1.5.2 Liquid injected screw compressor 39 2.1.6 Tooth compressor 41 2.1.7 Scroll compressor 41 2.1.8 Vane compressor 43 2.1.9 Liquid-ring compressor 43 2.1.10 Blower 44 2.2 Dynamic compressors 44 2.2.1 Dynamic compressors in general 44 3 2.2.2 Centrifugal compressor 45 2.2.3 Axial compressor 46 2.3 Other compressors 47 2.3.1 Vacuum pump 47 2.3.2 Booster compressor 47 2.3.3 Pressure intensifier 48 2.4 Treatment of compressed air 48 2.4.1 Drying compressed air 48 2.4.1.1 Aftercooler 50 2.4.1.2 Refrigerant dryer 50 2.4.1.3 Over-compression 51 2.4.1.4 Absorption drying 51 2.4.1.5 Adsorption drying 52 2.4.2 Filters 54 2.5 Control and regulation systems 56 2.5.1 Regulation in general 56 2.5.2 Regulation principles for displacement compressors 57 2.5.2.1 Pressure relief 57 2.5.2.2 Bypass 57 2.5.2.3 Throttling the intake 57 2.5.2.4 Pressure relief with throttled intake 58 2.5.2.5 Start/stop 58 2.5.2.6 Speed regulation 58 2.5.2.7 Variable discharge port 59 2.5.2.8 Balancing of valves 59 2.5.2.9 Clearance volume 59 2.5.2.10 Full load-unload -stop 59 2.5.3 Regulation principles for dynamic compressors 60 2.5.3.1 Throttling the intake 60 2.5.3.2 Intake vane control 60 2.5.3.3 Outlet vane control (diffuser) 60 2.5.3.4 Pressure relief 60 2.5.3.5 Load-unload-stop 60 2.5.3.6 Speed regulation 60 2.5.4 Control and monitoring 62 2.5.4.1 General 62 2.5.4.2 Load-unload-stop 62 2.5.4.3. Speed control 63 2.5.5 Control and monitoring 63 2.5.5.1 Temperature measurement 63 2.5.5.2 Pressure measurement 64 2.5.5.3 Monitoring 64 2.5.6 Comprehensive control system 65 2.5.6.1 Start sequence selector 65 2.5.7 Central control 66 2.5.8 Remote monitoring 67 Chapter 3 Dimensioning and installation 3.1 Dimensioning compressor installations 70 3.1.1 General 70 3.1.1.1 Calculating the working pressure 70 3.1.1.2 Calculating the air requirement 71 3.1.1.3 Measuring the air requirement 72 3.1.2 Centralisation or decentralisation 72 3.1.2.1 General 73 3.1.2.2 Centralised compressor installations 73 3.1.2.3 Decentralised compressor installations 74 3.1.3 Dimensioning at high altitude 74 3.1.3.1 General 74 3.1.3.2 The ambient conditions effect on a compressor 75 3.1.3.3 Power source 76 3.1.3.3.1 Electric 3.1.3.3.1 motors 76 3.1.3.3.2 Combustion 3.1.3.3.2 engines 76 3.2 Air treatment 77 3.2.1 General 77 3.2.2 Water vapour in the compressed air 77 3.2.3 Oil in the compressed air 78 3.2.4 Microorganisms in the compressed air 79 3.2.5 Filters 80 3.2.6 Aftercooler 81 3.2.7 Water separator 81 3.2.8 Oil as droplets 81 3.3 Cooling systems 82 3.3.1 Water cooled compressors 82 3.3.1.1 General 82 3.3.1.2 Open system, without circulating water 82 3.3.1.3 Open system, circulating water 82 3.3.1.4 Closed system 83 3.4 Energy recovery 85 3.4.1 General 85 3.4.2 Calculation of the recovery potential 87 3.4.3 Recovery methods 87 3.4.3.1 General 87 3.4.3.2 Air cooled systems 88 3.4.3.3 Water cooled system 89 3.5 The compressor room 90 3.5.1 General 90 3.5.2 Placement and design 91 3.5.3 Foundation 91 3.5.4 Intake air 92 3.5.5 Compressor room ventilation 93 3.6 The compressed air networks structure 96 3.6.1 General 96 3.6.1.1 Air receiver 96 3.6.2 Design of the compressed air network 98 3.6.3 Dimensioning the compressed air network 99 3.6.4 Flow measurement 101 3.7 Portable compressors 101 3.7.1 General 101 3.7.2 Noise and gaseous emissions 101 3.7.3 Transport and auxiliary equipment 102 3.8 Electrical installation 102 3.8.1 General 102 3.8.2 Motors 102 3.8.3 Starting methods 103 3.8.4 Control voltage 103 3.8.5 Short-circuit protection 104 3.8.6 Cables 104 3.8.7 Phase compensation 104 3.9 Sound 105 3.9.1 General 105 3.9.2 Sound pressure 105 3.9.3 Absorption 106 3.9.4 Room constant 106 3.9.5 Reverberation 106 3.9.6 Relation between sound power and sound pressure 106 3.9.7 Sound measurements 107 3.9.8 Interaction of several sources 108 3.9.9 Sound reduction 108 3.9.10Noise with compressor installations 109 3.10 Standards, laws and provisions 109 3.10.1General 109 3.10.2Standards 109 4 5 Chapter 4 Economy 4.1 Economy 112 4.1.1 Costs for compressed air production 112 4.1.1.1 General 112 4.1.1.2 Apportioning costs 113 4.2 Opportunities for saving 113 4.2.1 Power requirement 113 4.2.2 Working pressure 113 4.2.3 Air consumption 115 4.2.4 Regulation method 116 4.2.5 Air quality 117 4.2.6 Energy recovery 117 4.2.7 Maintenance 118 4.2.7.1 Maintenance planning 119 4.2.7.2 Auxiliary equipment 120 4.3 Other economic factors 120 4.3.1 General 120 4.3.2 LCC 120 Chapter 5 Calculation example 5.1 Example of dimensioning compressed air installations 124 5.2 Input data 125 5.2.1 Requirement 125 5.2.2 Ambient conditions (dimensioning) 125 5.2.3 Miscellaneous 125 5.3 Component selection 126 5.3.1 Dimensioning the compressor 127 5.3.2 Assumption for the continued calculation 127 5.3.3 Dimensioning of the receiver volume 128 5.3.4 Dimensioning of the dryer 129 5.3.5 Assumptions for the continued calculation 129 5.3.6 Control calculations 130 5.4 Other dimensioning 131 5.4.1 Condensation quantity calculation 131 5.4.2 Ventilation requirement in the compressor area 132 5.5 High altitude 133 5.6 Intermittent output 134 5.7 Water borne energy recovery 135 5.7.1 Assumption 136 5.7.2 Calculation of the cooling water flow in the energy recovery circuit 136 5.7.3 Energy balance across the recovery heat exchanger 137 5.7.4 Compilation of the answer 137 5.8 Pressure drop in the piping 138 Chapter 6 Appendices 6.1 The SI-system 140 6.2 Drawing symbols 143 6.3 Diagrams and tables 145 6.4 Compilation of current standards and norms 150 6.4.1 Safety related regulations and standards 150 6.4.1.1 Machine safety 150 6.4.1.2 Pressure safety 150 6.4.1.3 Environment 150 6.4.1.4 Electrical safety 150 6.4.2 Technical related standards and norms 151 6.4.2.1 Standardization 151 6.4.2.2 Specifications 151 6.4.2.3 Measurements 151 Index 152