文件名称：Microprocessor Design Principles and Practices With VHDL
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更新时间：2012-03-15 17:00:38
Microprocessor VHDL
Designing a Microprocessor.................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Overview of a Microprocessor.......................................................................................................................2 1.2 Design Abstraction Levels..............................................................................................................................4 1.3 Examples for a 2-input Multiplexer................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 Behavioral Level....................................................................................................................................5 1.3.2 Gate Level..............................................................................................................................................6 1.3.3 Transistor Level.....................................................................................................................................6 1.4 VHDL.............................................................................................................................................................7 1.5 Synthesis.........................................................................................................................................................8 1.6 Going Forward................................................................................................................................................9 1.7 Summary Checklist.........................................................................................................................................9 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................11 2 Digital Circuits ......................................................................................................................................................2 2.1 Binary Numbers.............................................................................................................................................2 2.2 Binary Switch.................................................................................................................................................4 2.3 Basic Logic Operators and Logic Expressions...............................................................................................5 2.4 Truth Tables....................................................................................................................................................6 2.5 Boolean Algebra and Boolean Function.........................................................................................................6 2.5.1 Boolean Algebra....................................................................................................................................6 2.5.2 Duality Principle....................................................................................................................................8 2.5.3 Boolean Function and the Inverse..........................................................................................................9 2.6 Minterms and Maxterms...............................................................................................................................12 2.6.1 Minterms..............................................................................................................................................12 2.6.2 Maxterms.............................................................................................................................................13 2.7 Canonical, Standard, and non-Standard Forms.............................................................................................15 2.8 Logic Gates and Circuit Diagrams................................................................................................................15 2.9 Example: Designing a Car Security System.................................................................................................17 2.10 Introduction to VHDL..................................................................................................................................19 2.10.1 VHDL code for a 2-input NAND gate.................................................................................................19 2.10.2 VHDL code for a 3-input NOR gate....................................................................................................20 2.10.3 VHDL code for a function...................................................................................................................20 2.11 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................21 2.12 Exercises.......................................................................................................................................................23 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................26 3 Combinational Circuits .........................................................................................................................................2 3.1 Analysis of Combinational Circuits................................................................................................................2 3.1.1 With a Truth Table.................................................................................................................................2 3.1.2 With a Boolean Function.......................................................................................................................4 3.2 Synthesis of Combinational Circuits..............................................................................................................5 3.3 Technology Mapping......................................................................................................................................6 3.4 Minimization of Combinational Circuits........................................................................................................9 3.4.1 Karnaugh (K) Maps...............................................................................................................................9 3.4.2 Don’t-cares..........................................................................................................................................13 3.4.3 * Quine-McCluskey (Tabulation) Method...........................................................................................14 3.5 * Timing Hazards and Glitches....................................................................................................................15 3.6 7-Segment Decoder Example.......................................................................................................................16 3.7 VHDL Code for Combinational Circuits......................................................................................................19 3.7.1 Structural BCD to 7-Segment Decoder................................................................................................19 3.7.2 Dataflow BCD to 7-Segment Decoder................................................................................................22 3.7.3 Behavioral BCD to 7-Segment Decoder..............................................................................................22 3.8 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................23 3.9 Exercises.......................................................................................................................................................24 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................26 4 Combinational Components ..................................................................................................................................2 4.1 Signal Naming Conventions...........................................................................................................................2 4.2 Adder..............................................................................................................................................................2 4.2.1 Full Adder..............................................................................................................................................2 4.2.2 Ripple-Carry Adder...............................................................................................................................3 4.2.3 Carry-Lookahead Adder........................................................................................................................4 4.3 Two’s-Complement Representation for Negative Numbers...........................................................................6 4.4 Subtractor........................................................................................................................................................8 4.4.1 Adder / Subtractor Combination............................................................................................................8 4.5 Arithmetic Logic Unit...................................................................................................................................10 4.6 Decoder.........................................................................................................................................................14 4.7 Encoder.........................................................................................................................................................15 4.7.1 Priority Encoder...................................................................................................................................16 4.8 Multiplexer...................................................................................................................................................17 4.8.1 Using Multiplexers to Implement a Function......................................................................................20 4.9 Tri-state Buffer.............................................................................................................................................20 4.10 Comparators..................................................................................................................................................21 4.11 Shifter / Rotator............................................................................................................................................23 4.12 Multiplier......................................................................................................................................................25 4.13 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................26 4.14 Exercises.......................................................................................................................................................27 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................28 5 Implementation Technologies ...............................................................................................................................2 5.1 Physical Abstraction.......................................................................................................................................2 5.2 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)..................................................................3 5.3 CMOS Logic...................................................................................................................................................4 5.4 CMOS Circuits...............................................................................................................................................5 5.4.1 CMOS Inverter......................................................................................................................................5 5.4.2 CMOS NAND gate................................................................................................................................6 5.4.3 CMOS AND gate...................................................................................................................................7 5.4.4 CMOS NOR and OR Gates...................................................................................................................9 5.4.5 Transmission Gate.................................................................................................................................9 5.4.6 2-input Multiplexer CMOS Circuit........................................................................................................9 5.4.7 CMOS XOR and XNOR Gates............................................................................................................11 5.5 Analysis of CMOS Circuits..........................................................................................................................12 5.6 Using ROMs to Implement a Function.........................................................................................................13 5.7 Using PLAs to Implement a Function..........................................................................................................15 5.8 Using PALs to Implement a Function..........................................................................................................19 5.9 Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD)...........................................................................................21 5.10 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).....................................................................................................23 5.11 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................24 5.12 References....................................................................................................................................................24 5.13 Exercises.......................................................................................................................................................25 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................26 6 Latches and Flip-Flops ..........................................................................................................................................2 6.1 Bistable Element.............................................................................................................................................2 6.2 SR Latch.........................................................................................................................................................4 6.3 SR Latch with Enable.....................................................................................................................................6 6.4 D Latch...........................................................................................................................................................7 6.5 D Latch with Enable.......................................................................................................................................7 6.6 Clock...............................................................................................................................................................8 6.7 D Flip-Flop...................................................................................................................................................10 6.8 D Flip-Flop with Enable...............................................................................................................................12 6.9 Asynchronus Inputs......................................................................................................................................13 6.10 Description of a Flip-Flop ............................................................................................................................13 6.10.1 Characteristic Table.............................................................................................................................13 6.10.2 Characteristic Equation........................................................................................................................14 6.10.3 State Diagram......................................................................................................................................14 6.10.4 Excitation Table...................................................................................................................................14 6.11 Timing Issues................................................................................................................................................15 6.12 Example: Car Security System – Version 2..................................................................................................16 6.13 VHDL for Latches and Flip-Flops................................................................................................................16 6.13.1 Implied Memory Element....................................................................................................................16 6.13.2 VHDL Code for a D Latch with Enable..............................................................................................17 6.13.3 VHDL Code for a D Flip-Flop ............................................................................................................18 6.13.4 VHDL Code for a D Flip-Flop with Enable and Asynchronous Set and Clear...................................21 6.14 * Flip-Flop Types.........................................................................................................................................22 6.14.1 SR Flip-Flop........................................................................................................................................22 6.14.2 JK Flip-Flop.........................................................................................................................................23 6.14.3 T Flip-Flop...........................................................................................................................................23 6.15 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................25 6.16 Exercises.......................................................................................................................................................26 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................27 7 Sequential Circuits ................................................................................................................................................2 7.1 Finite-State-Machine (FSM) Model...............................................................................................................2 7.2 Analysis of Sequential Circuits.......................................................................................................................3 7.2.1 Excitation Equation...............................................................................................................................4 7.2.2 Next-state Equation...............................................................................................................................5 7.2.3 Next-state Table.....................................................................................................................................5 7.2.4 Output Equation.....................................................................................................................................6 7.2.5 Output Table..........................................................................................................................................6 7.2.6 State Diagram........................................................................................................................................6 7.2.7 Example: Analysis of a Moore FSM.....................................................................................................7 7.2.8 Example: Analysis of a Mealy FSM......................................................................................................9 7.3 Synthesis of Sequential Circuits...................................................................................................................11 7.3.1 State Diagram, Next-state and Output Tables......................................................................................11 7.3.2 Implementation Table..........................................................................................................................11 7.3.3 Examples: Synthesis of Moore FSMs..................................................................................................12 7.3.4 Example: Synthesis of a Mealy FSM...................................................................................................17 7.4 * ASM Charts and State Action Tables........................................................................................................19 7.4.1 ASM Charts.........................................................................................................................................19 7.4.2 State Action Tables..............................................................................................................................21 7.5 Example: Car Security System – Version 3..................................................................................................22 7.6 VHDL for Sequential Circuits......................................................................................................................23 7.7 * Optimization for Sequential Circuits.........................................................................................................27 7.7.1 State Reduction....................................................................................................................................27 7.7.2 State Encoding.....................................................................................................................................28 7.7.3 Choice of Flip-Flops............................................................................................................................28 7.8 Exercises.......................................................................................................................................................32 7.9 Selected Answers..........................................................................................................................................33 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................37 8 Sequential Components .........................................................................................................................................2 8.1 Registers.........................................................................................................................................................2 8.2 Register Files..................................................................................................................................................3 8.3 Random Access Memory................................................................................................................................6 8.4 Larger Memories............................................................................................................................................8 8.4.1 More Memory........................................................................................................................................8 8.4.2 Wider Memory.......................................................................................................................................8 8.5 Counters..........................................................................................................................................................9 8.5.1 Binary Up Counter...............................................................................................................................10 8.5.2 Binary Up-Down Counter....................................................................................................................11 8.5.3 Binary Up-Down Counter with Parallel Load.....................................................................................13 8.5.4 BCD Up-Down Counter......................................................................................................................14 8.6 Shift Registers...............................................................................................................................................15 8.6.1 Serial to Parallel Shift Register............................................................................................................15 8.6.2 Serial-to-Parallel and Parallel-to-Serial Shift Register........................................................................17 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................19 9 Datapaths ...............................................................................................................................................................2 9.1 General Datapath............................................................................................................................................3 9.2 Using a General Datapath...............................................................................................................................4 9.3 Timing Issues..................................................................................................................................................5 9.4 A More Complex Datapath.............................................................................................................................8 9.5 VHDL for the Complex Datapath.................................................................................................................10 9.6 Dedicated Datapath.......................................................................................................................................15 9.6.1 Selecting Registers...............................................................................................................................15 9.6.2 Selecting Functional Units...................................................................................................................15 9.6.3 Data Transfer Methods........................................................................................................................16 9.7 Using a Dedicated Datapath.........................................................................................................................17 9.8 Examples: Designing Dedicated Datapaths..................................................................................................17 9.9 VHDL for a Dedicated Datapath..................................................................................................................22 9.10 * Optimization for Datapaths........................................................................................................................23 9.10.1 Functional Unit Sharing.......................................................................................................................23 9.10.2 Register Sharing...................................................................................................................................23 9.10.3 Bus Sharing..........................................................................................................................................23 9.11 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................23 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................24 10 Control Units .........................................................................................................................................................2 10.1 Exercises.........................................................................................................................................................3 10.2 Selected Answers............................................................................................................................................4 Index 5 11 Dedicated Microprocessors ...................................................................................................................................2 11.1 Manual Construction of a Dedicated Microprocessor....................................................................................3 11.2 FSM + D Model Using VHDL.....................................................................................................................11 11.3 FSMD Model................................................................................................................................................14 11.4 Behavioral Model.........................................................................................................................................16 11.5 Examples......................................................................................................................................................18 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................25 12 General-Purpose Microprocessors ........................................................................................................................2 12.1 Overview of the CPU Design.........................................................................................................................2 12.2 Instruction Set.................................................................................................................................................2 12.2.1 Two Operand Instructions.....................................................................................................................3 12.2.2 One Operand Instructions......................................................................................................................3 12.2.3 Instructions Using a Memory Address..................................................................................................3 12.2.4 Jump Instructions...................................................................................................................................3 12.3 Datapath..........................................................................................................................................................5 12.3.1 Input multiplexer...................................................................................................................................6 12.3.2 Conditional Flags...................................................................................................................................6 12.3.3 Accumulator..........................................................................................................................................6 12.3.4 Register File...........................................................................................................................................6 12.3.5 ALU.......................................................................................................................................................6 12.3.6 Shifter / Rotator.....................................................................................................................................7 12.3.7 Output Buffer.........................................................................................................................................7 12.3.8 Control Word.........................................................................................................................................7 12.3.9 VHDL Code for the Datapath................................................................................................................8 12.4 Control Unit....................................................................................................................................................9 12.4.1 Reset....................................................................................................................................................10 12.4.2 Fetch....................................................................................................................................................10 12.4.3 Decode.................................................................................................................................................10 12.4.4 Execute................................................................................................................................................10 12.4.5 VHDL Code for the Control Unit........................................................................................................11 12.5 CPU..............................................................................................................................................................20 12.6 Top-level Computer......................................................................................................................................22 12.6.1 Input.....................................................................................................................................................22 12.6.2 Output..................................................................................................................................................22 12.6.3 Memory...............................................................................................................................................22 12.6.4 Clock....................................................................................................................................................23 12.6.5 VHDL Code for the Complete Computer............................................................................................23 12.7 Examples......................................................................................................................................................24 Appendix A VHDLSummary .......................................................................................................................................2 A.1 Basic Language Elements...............................................................................................................................2 A.1.1 Comments..............................................................................................................................................2 A.1.2 Identifiers...............................................................................................................................................2 A.1.3 Data Objects..........................................................................................................................................2 A.1.4 Data Types.............................................................................................................................................2 A.1.5 Data Operators.......................................................................................................................................4 A.1.6 ENTITY.................................................................................................................................................5 A.1.7 ARCHITECTURE.................................................................................................................................6 A.1.8 PACKAGE............................................................................................................................................7 A.2 Dataflow Model Concurrent Statements.........................................................................................................8 A.2.1 Concurrent Signal Assignment..............................................................................................................8 A.2.2 Conditional Signal Assignment.............................................................................................................9 A.2.3 Selected Signal Assignment...................................................................................................................9 A.2.4 Dataflow Model Example....................................................................................................................10 A.3 Behavioral Model Sequential Statements.....................................................................................................10 A.3.1 PROCESS............................................................................................................................................10 A.3.2 Sequential Signal Assignment.............................................................................................................10 A.3.3 Variable Assignment ...........................................................................................................................11 A.3.4 WAIT...................................................................................................................................................11 A.3.5 IF THEN ELSE....................................................................................................................................11 A.3.6 CASE...................................................................................................................................................12 A.3.7 NULL...................................................................................................................................................12 A.3.8 FOR.....................................................................................................................................................12 A.3.9 WHILE................................................................................................................................................13 A.3.10 LOOP...................................................................................................................................................13 A.3.11 EXIT....................................................................................................................................................13 A.3.12 NEXT...................................................................................................................................................13 A.3.13 FUNCTION.........................................................................................................................................13 A.3.14 PROCEDURE......................................................................................................................................14 A.3.15 Behavioral Model Example.................................................................................................................15 A.4 Structural Model Statements.........................................................................................................................16 A.4.1 COMPONENT Declaration.................................................................................................................16 A.4.2 PORT MAP.........................................................................................................................................16 A.4.3 OPEN...................................................................................................................................................17 A.4.4 GENERATE........................................................................................................................................17 A.4.5 Structural Model Example...................................................................................................................17 A.5 Conversion Routines.....................................................................................................................................18 A.5.1 CONV_INTEGER()............................................................................................................................18 A.5.2 CONV_STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(,).....................................................................................................19 Index ......................................................................................................................................................................20 Appendix B MAX+plus II Tutorial ...............................................................................................................................2 B.1 Creating a Project and Working with Files.....................................................................................................2 B.1.1 Starting a new project............................................................................................................................2 B.1.2 Opening an existing project...................................................................................................................3 B.1.3 Creating a project based on an existing VHDL source file....................................................................3 B.1.4 Importing existing VHDL source files into the project.........................................................................3 B.1.5 Creating new VHDL source files for the project...................................................................................3 B.2 Synthesis for functional simulation................................................................................................................4 B.2.1 Starting the compiler..............................................................................................................................4 B.2.2 Set up input signals................................................................................................................................4 B.2.3 Set up and view simulation time range..................................................................................................6 B.2.4 Assign values to input signals................................................................................................................6 B.2.5 Simulation..............................................................................................................................................8 B.3 Synthesis for programming the FPGA............................................................................................................9 B.4 Programming the FPGA...............................................................................................................................10 B.5 References....................................................................................................................................................11 Max+Plus II Tutorial.....................................................................................................................................................1 Using the VHDL Editor.............................................................................................................................................. Synthesis..................................................................................................................................................................... Simulation................................................................................................................................................................... Using the Floorplan Editor.......................................................................................................................................... Downloading a circuit to FPGA..................................................................................................................................