MongoDB是一个可扩展、高性能的下一代数据库，它的特点是高性能、易部署、易使用、存储数据非常方便，主要特性有：
1、面向文档存储，json格式的文档易读，高效。
2、模式*，支持动态查询、完全索引，无模式。
3、高效的数据存储，效率提高。
4、支持复制和故障恢复。
5、以支持云级别的伸缩性，支持水平的数据库集群，可动态添加额外的服务器
MongoDB的局限与不足
在32位系统上，不支持大于2.5G的数据。
单个文档大小限制为 16 M
锁粒度太粗，MongoDB使用的是一把全局的读写锁
不支持join操作和事务机制，这个确实是非MongoDB要做的领域
对内存要求比较大，至少要保证热数据（索引，数据及系统其它开销）都能装进内存
用户权限方面比较弱，将机器部署在安全的内网环境中，尽量不要用权限
MapReduce在单个实例上无法并行，可用Auto-Sharding实现。是由JS引擎的限制造成的。
MapReduce的结果无法写入到一个被Sharding的Collection中，2.0版本对这个问题的解决好像也不彻底
对于数组型的数据操作不够丰富
MongoDB的安装
[root@mongodb ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/mongodb-org-3.0.repo
[mongodb-org-3.0]
name = mongodb
baseurl=http://repo.mongodb.org/yum/redhat/$releasever/mongodb-org/3.0/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[root@mongodb ~]# ping mongodb.org
PING mongodb.org (54.173.82.137) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from ec2-54-173-82-137.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.173.82.137): icmp_seq=1 ttl=46 time=499 ms
64 bytes from ec2-54-173-82-137.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.173.82.137): icmp_seq=2 ttl=46 time=500 ms
64 bytes from ec2-54-173-82-137.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.173.82.137): icmp_seq=3 ttl=46 time=502 ms
64 bytes from ec2-54-173-82-137.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.173.82.137): icmp_seq=4 ttl=46 time=453 ms
64 bytes from ec2-54-173-82-137.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.173.82.137): icmp_seq=5 ttl=46 time=497 ms
[root@mongodb ~]# yum install -y mongodb-org
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security
mongodb-org-3.0 | 951 B 00:00
mongodb-org-3.0/primary | 7.4 kB 00:00
mongodb-org-3.0 35/35
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mongodb-org.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: mongodb-org-mongos = 3.0.4 for package: mongodb-org
--> Processing Dependency: mongodb-org-server = 3.0.4 for package: mongodb-org
--> Processing Dependency: mongodb-org-shell = 3.0.4 for package: mongodb-org
--> Processing Dependency: mongodb-org-tools = 3.0.4 for package: mongodb-org
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mongodb-org-mongos.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 set to be updated
---> Package mongodb-org-server.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 set to be updated
---> Package mongodb-org-shell.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 set to be updated
---> Package mongodb-org-tools.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=====================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=====================================================================================================================================
Installing:
mongodb-org x86_64 3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-3.0 4.6 k
Installing for dependencies:
mongodb-org-mongos x86_64 3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-3.0 3.9 M
mongodb-org-server x86_64 3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-3.0 8.3 M
mongodb-org-shell x86_64 3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-3.0 4.1 M
mongodb-org-tools x86_64 3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-3.0 32 M
Transaction Summary
=====================================================================================================================================
Install 5 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
Total download size: 49 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/5): mongodb-org-3.0.4-1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 kB 00:00
(2/5): mongodb-org-mongos-3.0.4-1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 3.9 MB 00:09
(3/5): mongodb-org-shell-3.0.4-1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 4.1 MB 00:09
(4/5): mongodb-org-server-3.0.4-1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 8.3 MB 00:32
(5/5): mongodb-org-tools-3.0.4-1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 32 MB 03:24
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 194 kB/s | 49 MB 04:16
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : mongodb-org-server 1/5
Installing : mongodb-org-shell 2/5
Installing : mongodb-org-tools 3/5
Installing : mongodb-org-mongos 4/5
Installing : mongodb-org 5/5
Installed:
mongodb-org.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5
Dependency Installed:
mongodb-org-mongos.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-server.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5 mongodb-org-shell.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5
mongodb-org-tools.x86_64 0:3.0.4-1.el5
Complete!
禁用selinux
[root@mongodb ~]# getenforce
Disabled
参数文件
[root@mongodb ~]# ll /etc/mongod.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1533 Jun 16 06:58 /etc/mongod.conf
启动mongodb后台进程
[root@mongodb ~]# service mongod status
mongod is stopped
[root@mongodb ~]# service mongod start
Starting mongod: [ OK ]
停止mongodb后台进程
[root@mongodb ~]# service mongod stop
Stopping mongod: [ OK ]
重启mongodb后台进程
[root@mongodb ~]# service mongod restart
Stopping mongod: [ OK ]
Starting mongod: [ OK ]
[root@mongodb ~]# ps -ef|grep mongod|grep -v grep
mongod 3626 1 9 19:47 ? 00:00:13 /usr/bin/mongod -f /etc/mongod.conf
[root@mongodb ~]# netstat -anp|grep mongod|grep tcp
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:27017 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 4096/mongod
日志文件
[root@mongodb mongodb]# pwd
/var/log/mongodb
[root@mongodb mongodb]# more mongod.log
2015-07-13T19:38:29.845+0800 I CONTROL ***** SERVER RESTARTED *****
2015-07-13T19:38:29.897+0800 I JOURNAL [initandlisten] journal dir=/var/lib/mongo/journal
2015-07-13T19:38:29.897+0800 I JOURNAL [initandlisten] recover : no journal files present, no recovery needed
2015-07-13T19:38:33.200+0800 I JOURNAL [initandlisten] preallocateIsFaster=true 21.28
2015-07-13T19:38:37.826+0800 I JOURNAL [initandlisten] preallocateIsFaster check took 7.928 secs
2015-07-13T19:38:37.831+0800 I JOURNAL [durability] Durability thread started
2015-07-13T19:38:37.831+0800 I JOURNAL [journal writer] Journal writer thread started
2015-07-13T19:38:37.833+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] MongoDB starting : pid=3517 port=27017 dbpath=/var/lib/mongo 64-bit host=mongodb
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] db version v3.0.4
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] git version: 0481c958daeb2969800511e7475dc66986fa9ed5
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] OpenSSL version: OpenSSL 0.9.8e-fips-rhel5 01 Jul 2008
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] build info: Linux build14.nj1.10gen.cc 2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jan 3 21:39:27 UTC
2014 x86_64 BOOST_LIB_VERSION=1_49
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] allocator: tcmalloc
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] options: { config: "/etc/mongod.conf", net: { bindIp: "127.0.0.1" }, processManagement: { fork:
true, pidFilePath: "/var/run/mongodb/mongod.pid" }, storage: { dbPath: "/var/lib/mongo" }, systemLog: { destination: "file", logAppend: true, path: "/
var/log/mongodb/mongod.log" } }
2015-07-13T19:38:37.834+0800 I INDEX [initandlisten] allocating new ns file /var/lib/mongo/local.ns, filling with zeroes...
2015-07-13T19:38:37.892+0800 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] allocating new datafile /var/lib/mongo/local.0, filling with zeroes...
2015-07-13T19:38:37.892+0800 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] creating directory /var/lib/mongo/_tmp
2015-07-13T19:38:38.140+0800 I STORAGE [FileAllocator] done allocating datafile /var/lib/mongo/local.0, size: 64MB, took 0.245 secs
2015-07-13T19:38:38.254+0800 I NETWORK [initandlisten] waiting for connections on port 27017
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I CONTROL [signalProcessingThread] got signal 15 (Terminated), will terminate after current cmd ends
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I CONTROL [signalProcessingThread] now exiting
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I NETWORK [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: going to close listening sockets...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I NETWORK [signalProcessingThread] closing listening socket: 6
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I NETWORK [signalProcessingThread] closing listening socket: 7
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I NETWORK [signalProcessingThread] removing socket file: /tmp/mongodb-27017.sock
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I NETWORK [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: going to flush diaglog...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I NETWORK [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: going to close sockets...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I STORAGE [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: waiting for fs preallocator...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I STORAGE [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: final commit...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I JOURNAL [signalProcessingThread] journalCleanup...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.695+0800 I JOURNAL [signalProcessingThread] removeJournalFiles
2015-07-13T19:40:30.709+0800 I JOURNAL [signalProcessingThread] Terminating durability thread ...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.802+0800 I JOURNAL [journal writer] Journal writer thread stopped
2015-07-13T19:40:30.803+0800 I JOURNAL [durability] Durability thread stopped
2015-07-13T19:40:30.803+0800 I STORAGE [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: closing all files...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.804+0800 I STORAGE [signalProcessingThread] closeAllFiles() finished
2015-07-13T19:40:30.804+0800 I STORAGE [signalProcessingThread] shutdown: removing fs lock...
2015-07-13T19:40:30.804+0800 I CONTROL [signalProcessingThread] dbexit: rc: 0
设置开机启动mongodb
[root@mongodb ~]# chkconfig mongod on
启动命令mongod参数说明
[root@mongodb ~]# mongod -help
Options:
General options:
-h [ --help ] show this usage information
--version show version information
-f [ --config ] arg configuration file specifying additional options
-v [ --verbose ] [=arg(=v)] be more verbose (include multiple times for more
verbosity e.g. -vvvvv)
--quiet quieter output
--port arg specify port number - 27017 by default
--bind_ip arg comma separated list of ip addresses to listen on
- all local ips by default
--ipv6 enable IPv6 support (disabled by default)
--maxConns arg max number of simultaneous connections - 1000000
by default
--logpath arg log file to send write to instead of stdout - has
to be a file, not directory
--syslog log to system's syslog facility instead of file
or stdout
--syslogFacility arg syslog facility used for mongodb syslog message
--logappend append to logpath instead of over-writing
--logRotate arg set the log rotation behavior (rename|reopen)
--timeStampFormat arg Desired format for timestamps in log messages.
One of ctime, iso8601-utc or iso8601-local
--pidfilepath arg full path to pidfile (if not set, no pidfile is
created)
--keyFile arg private key for cluster authentication
--setParameter arg Set a configurable parameter
--httpinterface enable http interface
--clusterAuthMode arg Authentication mode used for cluster
authentication. Alternatives are
(keyFile|sendKeyFile|sendX509|x509)
--nounixsocket disable listening on unix sockets
--unixSocketPrefix arg alternative directory for UNIX domain sockets
(defaults to /tmp)
--filePermissions arg permissions to set on UNIX domain socket file -
0700 by default
--fork fork server process
--auth run with security
--noauth run without security
--jsonp allow JSONP access via http (has security
implications)
--rest turn on simple rest api
--slowms arg (=100) value of slow for profile and console log
--profile arg 0=off 1=slow, 2=all
--cpu periodically show cpu and iowait utilization
--sysinfo print some diagnostic system information
--noIndexBuildRetry don't retry any index builds that were
interrupted by shutdown
--noscripting disable scripting engine
--notablescan do not allow table scans
--shutdown kill a running server (for init scripts)
Replication options:
--oplogSize arg size to use (in MB) for replication op log. default is
5% of disk space (i.e. large is good)
Master/slave options (old; use replica sets instead):
--master master mode
--slave slave mode
--source arg when slave: specify master as <server:port>
--only arg when slave: specify a single database to replicate
--slavedelay arg specify delay (in seconds) to be used when applying
master ops to slave
--autoresync automatically resync if slave data is stale
Replica set options:
--replSet arg arg is <setname>[/<optionalseedhostlist>]
--replIndexPrefetch arg specify index prefetching behavior (if secondary)
[none|_id_only|all]
Sharding options:
--configsvr declare this is a config db of a cluster; default port
27019; default dir /data/configdb
--shardsvr declare this is a shard db of a cluster; default port
27018
SSL options:
--sslOnNormalPorts use ssl on configured ports
--sslMode arg set the SSL operation mode
(disabled|allowSSL|preferSSL|requireSSL
)
--sslPEMKeyFile arg PEM file for ssl
--sslPEMKeyPassword arg PEM file password
--sslClusterFile arg Key file for internal SSL
authentication
--sslClusterPassword arg Internal authentication key file
password
--sslCAFile arg Certificate Authority file for SSL
--sslCRLFile arg Certificate Revocation List file for
SSL
--sslWeakCertificateValidation allow client to connect without
presenting a certificate
--sslAllowConnectionsWithoutCertificates
allow client to connect without
presenting a certificate
--sslAllowInvalidHostnames Allow server certificates to provide
non-matching hostnames
--sslAllowInvalidCertificates allow connections to servers with
invalid certificates
--sslFIPSMode activate FIPS 140-2 mode at startup
Storage options:
--storageEngine arg (=mmapv1) what storage engine to use
--dbpath arg directory for datafiles - defaults to /data/db
--directoryperdb each database will be stored in a separate
directory
--noprealloc disable data file preallocation - will often
hurt performance
--nssize arg (=16) .ns file size (in MB) for new databases
--quota limits each database to a certain number of
files (8 default)
--quotaFiles arg number of files allowed per db, implies --quota
--smallfiles use a smaller default file size
--syncdelay arg (=60) seconds between disk syncs (0=never, but not
recommended)
--upgrade upgrade db if needed
--repair run repair on all dbs
--repairpath arg root directory for repair files - defaults to
dbpath
--journal enable journaling
--nojournal disable journaling (journaling is on by default
for 64 bit)
--journalOptions arg journal diagnostic options
--journalCommitInterval arg how often to group/batch commit (ms)
WiredTiger options:
--wiredTigerCacheSizeGB arg maximum amount of memory to allocate
for cache; defaults to 1/2 of physical
RAM
--wiredTigerStatisticsLogDelaySecs arg (=0)
seconds to wait between each write to a
statistics file in the dbpath; 0 means
do not log statistics
--wiredTigerJournalCompressor arg (=snappy)
use a compressor for log records
[none|snappy|zlib]
--wiredTigerDirectoryForIndexes Put indexes and data in different
directories
--wiredTigerCollectionBlockCompressor arg (=snappy)
block compression algorithm for
collection data [none|snappy|zlib]
--wiredTigerIndexPrefixCompression arg (=1)
use prefix compression on row-store
leaf pages
--quiet # 安静输出
--port arg # 指定服务端口号，默认端口27017
--bind_ip arg # 绑定服务IP，若绑定127.0.0.1，则只能本机访问，不指定默认本地所有IP
--logpath arg # 指定MongoDB日志文件，注意是指定文件不是目录
--logappend # 使用追加的方式写日志
--pidfilepath arg # PID File 的完整路径，如果没有设置，则没有PID文件
--keyFile arg # 集群的私钥的完整路径，只对于Replica Set 架构有效
--unixSocketPrefix arg # UNIX域套接字替代目录,(默认为 /tmp)
--fork # 以守护进程的方式运行MongoDB，创建服务器进程
--auth # 启用验证
--cpu # 定期显示CPU的CPU利用率和iowait
--dbpath arg # 指定数据库路径
--diaglog arg # diaglog选项 0=off 1=W 2=R 3=both 7=W+some reads
--directoryperdb # 设置每个数据库将被保存在一个单独的目录
--journal # 启用日志选项，MongoDB的数据操作将会写入到journal文件夹的文件里
--journalOptions arg # 启用日志诊断选项
--ipv6 # 启用IPv6选项
--jsonp # 允许JSONP形式通过HTTP访问（有安全影响）
--maxConns arg # 最大同时连接数 默认2000
--noauth # 不启用验证
--nohttpinterface # 关闭http接口，默认关闭27018端口访问
--noprealloc # 禁用数据文件预分配(往往影响性能)
--noscripting # 禁用脚本引擎
--notablescan # 不允许表扫描
--nounixsocket # 禁用Unix套接字监听
--nssize arg (=16) # 设置信数据库.ns文件大小(MB)
--objcheck # 在收到客户数据,检查的有效性，
--profile arg # 档案参数 0=off 1=slow, 2=all
--quota # 限制每个数据库的文件数，设置默认为8
--quotaFiles arg # number of files allower per db, requires --quota
--rest # 开启简单的rest API
--repair # 修复所有数据库run repair on all dbs
--repairpath arg # 修复库生成的文件的目录,默认为目录名称dbpath
--slowms arg (=100) # value of slow for profile and console log
--smallfiles # 使用较小的默认文件
--syncdelay arg (=60) # 数据写入磁盘的时间秒数(0=never,不推荐)
--sysinfo # 打印一些诊断系统信息
--upgrade # 如果需要升级数据库
Replicaton 参数
--fastsync # 从一个dbpath里启用从库复制服务，该dbpath的数据库是主库的快照，可用于快速启用同步
--autoresync # 如果从库与主库同步数据差得多，自动重新同步
--oplogSize arg # 设置oplog的大小(MB)
主/从参数
--master # 主库模式
--slave # 从库模式
--source arg # 从库端口号
--only arg # 指定单一的数据库复制
--slavedelay arg # 设置从库同步主库的延迟时间
Replica set(副本集)选项：
--replSet arg # 设置副本集名称
Sharding(分片)选项
--configsvr # 声明这是一个集群的config服务,默认端口27019，默认目录/data/configdb
--shardsvr # 声明这是一个集群的分片,默认端口27018
--noMoveParanoia # 关闭偏执为moveChunk数据保存
上述参数都可以写入 mongod.conf 配置文档里