MQTT的websockets应用_转

时间：2021-03-20 16:48:01


转自：mosquitto 与websocket 的结合

前言

mosquitto 作为一个消息代理, 客户端与 mosquitto 服务端的通信时基于 MQTT 协议的, 而现在的主流 web 应用时呈现在浏览器中, 这意味着用户与服务端只能通过 HTTP 或者 HTTPS 这类浏览器能理解的协议传输, 所以后端还要建立一个代理层, 将 HTTP 协议传输的内容解析一下以 MQTT 协议发送到 mosquitto, 最后再由 mosquitto 发送到硬件端。

在浏览器支持的协议中, 还有一个适用于长连接的 WS 协议, 参考: 浏览器中常见网络协议介绍。 如果客户端直接通过 websocket 连接到 mosquitto 端, 那么就不需要中间的后端代理层. 后端只需要一个推送服务和控制系统就可以实现对客户端的监听, 控制, 推送(当然, 如果业务量巨大, 业务逻辑复杂, 代理层还是有必要的, 因为这样不但可以为 mosquitto 过滤一些不必要的业务, 而且可以做一些数据统计, 设计事件钩子)。

在编译 mosquitto 和它的验证插件 mosquitto-auth-plug 的时候, 我注意到 mosquitto 有一个监听的 9001 端口, 事后查了一下, 发现 mosquitto 开放的这个端口是支持直接与客户端进行 websocket 通信的。

启用 mosquitto websocket 模式

其实纯粹的 MQTT 服务器是没有这个功能的, mosquitto 需要在编译的时候设置 configure.mk中

WITH_WEBSOCKETS := yes

所幸的是, eclipse 官方的 docker 镜像 已经支持了 websocket 通信方式. 只需要在 mosquitto.conf 中启用:

port 1883

listener 9001

protocol websockets

使用 paho-mqtt.js 通过 websocket 与 mosquitto 通信

eclipse 提供了用于 浏览器客户端利用 javascript 和 mosquitto 进行 websocket 通信的 paho-mqtt.js, 这是这个 js 库的文档: Paho.MQTT DOC.

客户端与服务端的双通道通信

我们假设有客户端用户为 client, 服务端用户为 server. 为他们分配的主题与权限为:

id | username | topic | rw

----+----------+--------------------+----

1 | client | /p/client/upload | 2

2 | server | /p/client/upload | 2

3 | client | /p/client/download | 1

4 | server | /p/client/download | 2

那么 server 和 client 均可以在 /p/client/upload 读写. 我们约定只有 client 在 /p/client/upload 写, server 只读 /p/client/upload, 这个 topic 是用于 client 向 server 发送消息.

对于 topic /p/client/download, server 可读可写, client 只读, 这个 topic 是用于 client 接受 server 向下推送的消息, 具体的逻辑如下:
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" alt="" name="图片 1" width="554" height="215" align="bottom" border="0" />

注意这里的
client
是对 /p/client/upload 具有可读可写权限的,
意味者它可以读取来自 /p/client/upload 的信息,
但是实际上这里没有人往这个主题发布消息(除非
client
自己往这里发消息),
所以
client
拥有可读权限也没有关系.

客户端的
javascript 通信例子

建议看一下这篇文章: Using
MQTT Over WebSockets with Mosquitto,
它比较详细地介绍了客户端通过
websocket
于
mosquitto
服务器通信的方式.

比如对于 client.html:

先引入 paho-mqtt.js,
这里我们先用
cloudflare.com
CDN上的这段 js:

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/paho-mqtt/1.0.2/mqttws31.js"></script>

下面是创建客户端
websocket
的例子:

var mqtt;

var host = 'mosquitto';

var port = 9001;

// onConnect 事件

function onConnect() {

    console.log('connected.');

    var raw_message = 'Hello World!';

    message = new Paho.MQTT.Message(raw_message);

    message.destinationName = '/p/client/upload';

    console.log('sending message: ' + raw_message );

    mqtt.send(message);

    // 订阅 download topic

    var subOptions = {

        qos: 1,

        onSuccess: onSubscribe

    };

    mqtt.subscribe('/p/client/download', subOptions);

}

// 订阅主题成功事件

function onSubscribe(context) {

    console.log('subscribe success');

    console.log(context);

}

// 连接失败事件

function onFailure(message) {

    console.log('connect failed.');

}

// onMessageArrived 事件

function onMessageArrived(message) {

    console.log('new message arrived...');

    console.log(message.payloadString);

}

// 建立 MQTT websocket 连接

function MQTTconnect() {

    console.log('connecting to ' + host + ':' + port);

    mqtt = new Paho.MQTT.Client(host, port, 'clientid');

    var options = {

        timeout: 3,

        onSuccess: onConnect,

        onFailure: onFailure,

        userName: 'client',

        password: '123456',

        mqttVersion: 4

    };

    mqtt.onMessageArrived = onMessageArrived;

    mqtt.connect(options);

}

这里我们利用 paho-mqtt.js 新建了一个 mqtt, 然后绑定 onSuccess(连接成功), onFailure(连接失败) onMessageArrived(消息到来)等事件, 之后用 options 里的配置连接到远程的 mosquitto 服务器. 连接成功后, client 向 server 发送一条消息到 /p/client/upload topic, 通知服务端已经建立连接. 发送之后 mqtt 又订阅 /p/client/download, 准备接受来自服务端的信息。

比如, 服务端可以这样向客户端推送消息:

import paho.mqtt.publish as publish

import time

HOST = 'mosquitto'

PORT = 1883

if __name__ == '__main__':

    client_id = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.localtime(time.time()))

    publish.single(

        '/p/client/download', 'hello mqtt', qos=2, hostname=HOST, port=PORT,

        client_id=client_id, auth={'username': 'server', 'password': ''})

这就是基于双通道的服务端于客户端通信

客户端与服务端的单通道通信

单通道通信原理类似, 但是由于客户端可能有多台设备, 比如手机端, 微信小程序端, PC 端. 那么身份的验证不能直接由 mosquitto 确定, 应该在消息体内确定. 比如我们用 json 作为消息的承载方式. 消息体可以这样:

{

    "timestamp": "",

    "client_id": "",

    "message_type": "ping",

    "data": {"detail": "content"},

    "token": "auth_token"

}

这里应该按照具体的业务需求进行鉴权设计。

参考：

    1. libwebsockets编译

    2. Using MQTT Over WebSockets with Mosquitto

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