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继续上篇的文章《swift语言之多线程操作和操作队列(上)———坚持51天吃掉大象(写技术文章)》
优化我们的程序
目前程序未使用多线程,如果我们仔细分析,会发现有三个耗时的地方,现在我们需要把他们放到其他线程上去,这样主线程就有足够的空间和时间来响应用户操作。
根据分析我们可以得知,我们需要一个线程专门响应用户操作,一个线程处理下载数据源和图片,还要一个线程执行添加滤镜操作。
我们可以大概的这么去重新构造我的程序设计。我们可以先呈现一个空表格,然后当数据源下载成功后我们刷新表格,刷新表格属于用户操作界面应该放在主线程上。根据数据源内容我们可以知道图片的下载地址,我们最好不要一次性加载所有的图片,这样显然比较耗时,我们只需要知道表中哪些行是用户可以看得到的,然后加载对应行的的图片数据即可,当图片下载完成,程序再呈现图片,再在另外一个线程给图片添加滤镜。这样就完美解决了问题。
解决思路可以参看下图表:
我现在只需要重点关注图片处于什么状态,是正在下载还是现在完成,又或者滤镜是否添加?然后给图片添加不同的操作,并且希望用户下拉时,可以取消看不见的表格的相应操作,并开始或恢复用户可见范围的相应操作。因此在这种情况下适合使用NSOperation,而不是GCD。
让我们写代码吧!
首先新建一个swift文件,并命名为PhotoOperations.swift.添加如下代码:
import UIKit // This enum contains all the possible states a photo record can be in enum PhotoRecordState { case New, Downloaded, Filtered, Failed } class PhotoRecord { let name:String let url:NSURL var state = PhotoRecordState.New var image = UIImage(named: "Placeholder") init(name:String, url:NSURL) { self.name = name self.url = url } }
这个类用来实现程序的图片展示,并且包含图片所处的状态,默认为.New,代表是新建状态,并有一个默认占位图片。
为了了解图片操作的每个状态,我们需要再创建一个类,名称为 PhotoOperations.swift。添加代码:
class PendingOperations { lazy var downloadsInProgress = [NSIndexPath:NSOperation]() lazy var downloadQueue:NSOperationQueue = { var queue = NSOperationQueue() queue.name = "Download queue" queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = return queue }() lazy var filtrationsInProgress = [NSIndexPath:NSOperation]() lazy var filtrationQueue:NSOperationQueue = { var queue = NSOperationQueue() queue.name = "Image Filtration queue" queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = return queue }() }
这个类创建了两个字典,用于记录表格的下载和添加滤镜的操作,以及每个操作的队列。
如你看到的那样,创建队列非常简单。为了调试能查看到队列,最好给队列命名。代码将queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount命名为1,是为让你更直观的看到操作是一个一个执行的。一般我们不需要设置此属性,而交给系统自己决定。系统会根据硬件状态,已经资源占用情况,然后决定给程序多少个线程。
现在添加下载和添加滤镜操作,添加如下代码:
class ImageDownloader: NSOperation { //图片类对象 let photoRecord: PhotoRecord //2初始化 init(photoRecord: PhotoRecord) { self.photoRecord = photoRecord } //3重写main方法,执行任务的方法 override func main() { //4如果取消操作则不执行 if self.cancelled { return } //5下载图片数据 let imageData = NSData(contentsOfURL:self.photoRecord.url) //6再次检查是否取消操作 if self.cancelled { return } //7如果获取到了数据,就添加到图片记录中,并将记录标记为.Downloaded,如果没有图片数据就标记为.Failed if imageData?.length > { self.photoRecord.image = UIImage(data:imageData!) self.photoRecord.state = .Downloaded } else { self.photoRecord.state = .Failed self.photoRecord.image = UIImage(named: "Failed") } } }
NSOperation是一个抽象类,需要继承才能使用,每个子类代表一个具体的任务。
我们继续创建另外一个操作
class ImageFiltration: NSOperation { let photoRecord: PhotoRecord init(photoRecord: PhotoRecord) { self.photoRecord = photoRecord } override func main () { if self.cancelled { return } if self.photoRecord.state != .Downloaded { return } if let filteredImage = self.applySepiaFilter(self.photoRecord.image!) { self.photoRecord.image = filteredImage self.photoRecord.state = .Filtered } } }
给ImageFiltration类添加一个应用滤镜的方法:
func applySepiaFilter(image:UIImage) -> UIImage? { let inputImage = CIImage(data:UIImagePNGRepresentation(image)) if self.cancelled { return nil } let context = CIContext(options:nil) let filter = CIFilter(name:"CISepiaTone") filter.setValue(inputImage, forKey: kCIInputImageKey) filter.setValue(0.8, forKey: "inputIntensity") let outputImage = filter.outputImage if self.cancelled { return nil } let outImage = context.createCGImage(outputImage, fromRect: outputImage.extent()) let returnImage = UIImage(CGImage: outImage) return returnImage }
这个方法和在 ListViewController一样,放在这里,就是把把它添加到操作里,方便调用。
到此我们创建好工具类了,现在我们开始修改ListViewController.swift。删除lazy var photos属性声明,取而代之添加如下代码:
//保存图片信息数组
var photos = [PhotoRecord]()
//管理状态操作
let pendingOperations = PendingOperations()
给该类添加一个方法:
func fetchPhotoDetails() { let request = NSURLRequest(URL:dataSourceURL!) UIApplication.sharedApplication().networkActivityIndicatorVisible = true NSURLConnection.sendAsynchronousRequest(request, queue: NSOperationQueue.mainQueue()) {response,data,error in if data != nil { do { let datasourceDictionary = try NSPropertyListSerialization.propertyListWithData(data!, options: NSPropertyListMutabilityOptions.Immutable, format: nil) as! NSDictionary for(key,value) in datasourceDictionary { let name = key as? String let url = NSURL(string:value as? String ?? "") if name != nil && url != nil { let photoRecord = PhotoRecord(name:name!, url:url!) self.photos.append(photoRecord) } } self.tableView.reloadData() } catch{ print(error) } } if error != nil { let alert = UIAlertView(title:"Oops!",message:error!.localizedDescription, delegate:nil, cancelButtonTitle:"OK") alert.show() } UIApplication.sharedApplication().networkActivityIndicatorVisible = false } }
在viewDidLoad方法中调用这个方法。
fetchPhotoDetails()
修改 tableView(_:cellForRowAtIndexPath:)的内容,改成如下代码:
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> UITableViewCell { let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier("CellIdentifier", forIndexPath: indexPath) as! UITableViewCell // if cell.accessoryView == nil { let indicator = UIActivityIndicatorView(activityIndicatorStyle: .Gray) cell.accessoryView = indicator } let indicator = cell.accessoryView as! UIActivityIndicatorView // let photoDetails = photos[indexPath.row] // cell.textLabel?.text = photoDetails.name cell.imageView?.image = photoDetails.image // switch (photoDetails.state){ case .Filtered: indicator.stopAnimating() case .Failed: indicator.stopAnimating() cell.textLabel?.text = "Failed to load" case .New, .Downloaded: indicator.startAnimating() self.startOperationsForPhotoRecord(photoDetails,indexPath:indexPath) } return cell }
移除applySepiaFilter方法,替换如下方法:
func startOperationsForPhotoRecord(photoDetails: PhotoRecord, indexPath: NSIndexPath){ switch (photoDetails.state) { case .New: startDownloadForRecord(photoDetails, indexPath: indexPath) case .Downloaded: startFiltrationForRecord(photoDetails, indexPath: indexPath) default: NSLog("do nothing") } }
继续添加如下方法:
fun startDownloadForRecord(photoDetails: PhotoRecord, indexPath: NSIndexPath){ // if let downloadOperation = pendingOperations.downloadsInProgress[indexPath] { return } // let downloader = ImageDownloader(photoRecord: photoDetails) // downloader.completionBlock = { if downloader.cancelled { return } dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), { self.pendingOperations.downloadsInProgress.removeValueForKey(indexPath) self.tableView.reloadRowsAtIndexPaths([indexPath], withRowAnimation: .Fade) }) } // pendingOperations.downloadsInProgress[indexPath] = downloader // pendingOperations.downloadQueue.addOperation(downloader) } func startFiltrationForRecord(photoDetails: PhotoRecord, indexPath: NSIndexPath){ if let filterOperation = pendingOperations.filtrationsInProgress[indexPath]{ return } let filterer = ImageFiltration(photoRecord: photoDetails) filterer.completionBlock = { if filterer.cancelled { return } dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), { self.pendingOperations.filtrationsInProgress.removeValueForKey(indexPath) self.tableView.reloadRowsAtIndexPaths([indexPath], withRowAnimation: .Fade) }) } pendingOperations.filtrationsInProgress[indexPath] = filterer pendingOperations.filtrationQueue.addOperation(filterer) }
我们的重构基本完成,我们运行下看看,会看到如下效果图:
注意到了木有,奇迹发生了,图片只在可见的时候才会加载和添加滤镜。并且不会再卡了有木有。
继续调优
如果你向下滑动表格,那些从屏幕消失的图片仍在下载或添加滤镜,如果滑动快速的话,程序就会忙着加载图片和添加滤镜了,并占用贷款,影响看见cell的下载了。因此最理想的状态,就是当Cell行消失时,我们停止下载,从而优先下载可见的cell。
回到Xcode,修改ListViewController.swift文件,然后找到tableView(_:cellForRowAtIndexPath:)方法,给 self.startOperationsForPhotoRecord(photoDetails, indexPath: indexPath)添加判断:
if (!tableView.dragging && !tableView.decelerating) { self.startOperationsForPhotoRecord(photoDetails, indexPath: indexPath) }
再继续添加如下内容:
override func scrollViewWillBeginDragging(scrollView: UIScrollView) { // suspendAllOperations() } override func scrollViewDidEndDragging(scrollView: UIScrollView, willDecelerate decelerate: Bool) { // if !decelerate { loadImagesForOnscreenCells() resumeAllOperations() } } override func scrollViewDidEndDecelerating(scrollView: UIScrollView) { // loadImagesForOnscreenCells() resumeAllOperations() } func suspendAllOperations () { pendingOperations.downloadQueue.suspended = true pendingOperations.filtrationQueue.suspended = true } func resumeAllOperations () { pendingOperations.downloadQueue.suspended = false pendingOperations.filtrationQueue.suspended = false } func loadImagesForOnscreenCells () { // if let pathsArray = tableView.indexPathsForVisibleRows() { // var allPendingOperations = Set(pendingOperations.downloadsInProgress.keys.array) allPendingOperations.unionInPlace(pendingOperations.filtrationsInProgress.keys.array) // var toBeCancelled = allPendingOperations let visiblePaths = Set(pathsArray as! [NSIndexPath]) toBeCancelled.subtractInPlace(visiblePaths) // var toBeStarted = visiblePaths toBeStarted.subtractInPlace(allPendingOperations) // for indexPath in toBeCancelled { if let pendingDownload = pendingOperations.downloadsInProgress[indexPath] { pendingDownload.cancel() } pendingOperations.downloadsInProgress.removeValueForKey(indexPath) if let pendingFiltration = pendingOperations.filtrationsInProgress[indexPath] { pendingFiltration.cancel() } pendingOperations.filtrationsInProgress.removeValueForKey(indexPath) } // for indexPath in toBeStarted { let indexPath = indexPath as NSIndexPath let recordToProcess = self.photos[indexPath.row] startOperationsForPhotoRecord(recordToProcess, indexPath: indexPath) } } }
这已经是最后一步了,恭喜你,也辛苦你了,不过这是值得的,现在你运行看看,一个响应用户及时,并且资源管理合理的程序就在你手上诞生了。注意一下当你滚动表格结束,可见的表格行将马上开始处理操作。