光标
通常数据库操作被认为是以数据集为基础的操作,但是光标被用于以记录为单位来进行操作,来获取数据库中的数据的子集。光标一般用于过程化程序里的嵌入的SQL语句。
对光标的定义如下:
DECLARE CURSOR_NAME CURSOR
FOR SELECT_STATEMENT[FOR [READ ONLY | UPDATE {[COLUMN_LIST]}]
光标创建之后可以进行如下操作:
OPEN:打开定义的光标。
OPEN CURSOR_NAME
FETCH:从光标获取记录,赋予程序变量。
FETCH NEXT FORM CURSOR_NAME [ INTO FETCH_LIST ]
例如:
BEGIN
DECLARE @custname VARCHAR(30);
DECLARE namecursor CURSOR FOR SELECT CUST_NAME FORM TBL_CUSTOM
OPEN namecursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM namecursor INTO @custname
WHILE (@@FETCH_STATUS<>-1)
BEGIN FETCH NEXT FORM namecursor INTO @custname
print 'custname:'+@custname
END
CLOSE namecursor
DEALLOCATE namecursor//释放资源
END
CLOSE:对光标操作完成之后,关闭光标。
存储过程
存储过程是一组关联的SQL语句,通常被成为函数和子程序。存储过程可以嵌套在另一个存储过程里面。
在SQL Server定义存储过程如下:
GO
/****** Object: StoredProcedure [dbo].[select_terminal] Script Date: 08/06/2015 13:51:48 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
-- =============================================
-- Author:<Author,,Name>
-- Create date: <Create Date,,>
-- Description:<Description,,>
-- =============================================
ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[select_terminal]
--(
--@id int
--)
-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
--<@Param1, sysname, @p1> <Datatype_For_Param1, , int> = <Default_Value_For_Param1, , 0>,
--<@Param2, sysname, @p2> <Datatype_For_Param2, , int> = <Default_Value_For_Param2, , 0>
AS
BEGIN
declare @tsn varchar(50)
--declare @isOnline int
declare QueryTsn cursor for select top 10 tsn from tTerminal
OPEN QueryTsn;
fetch next from QueryTsn into @tsn
while (@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
Fetch next from QueryTsn into @tsn
print 'tsn:'+convert(varchar,@tsn)
END
close QueryTsn
deallocate QueryTsn
-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
-- interfering with SELECT statements.
--SET NOCOUNT ON;
-- Insert statements for procedure here
--SELECT * from tTerminal where ID=@id
END
USE [DB_NAME]
GO
DECLARE@return_value int
EXEC@return_value = [dbo].[select_terminal]
SELECT'Return Value' = @return_value
GO
触发器
触发器是数据中编译了的SQL过程,基于数据库里发生的其他行为来执行操作。可以在insert、delete或update之后执行,可以检查数据完整性,可以回退事务。SQL Server 创建触发器的语法如下:
CREATE TRIGGER TRIGGER_NAME
ON TABLE_NAME
FOR {INSRT | UPDATE | DELETE [, ..]}
AS
SQL_STATEMENTS
[ RETURN ]
例如:
USE [DB_NAME]
GO
/****** Object: Trigger [dbo].[createtable] Script Date: 08/06/2015 14:28:35 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
ALTER TRIGGER [dbo].[createtable]
ON [dbo].[t508]
FOR Insert
AS
BEGIN
declare @sqlstr varchar(1000)
set @sqlstr = 'CREATE TABLE [dbo].[zlogt508](
[ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[mID] [int] NOT NULL,
[gpsTime] [datetime] NOT NULL,
primary key ([ID]))
'
exec(@sqlstr)
PRINT 'You must ask your DBA to drop or alter tables!'
END
***创建的触发器在要触发的表的触发器文件内
删除触发器
drop trigger trigger_name