3. Oracle 参数文件

时间:2021-07-24 21:00:29

转载自:http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/5559174

参数文件(10g中的参数文件)

主要用来记录数据库的配置文件,在数据库启动时,Oracle读取参数文件,并根据参数文件中的参数设置来配置数据库。
如内存池的分配,允许打开的进程数和会话数等。

两类参数文件:

pfile:文本文件的参数文件,可以使用vi,vim等编辑器修改,文件名通常为init<sid>.ora
spfile:二进制的参数文件,不能直接修改,只能存放在Oracle服务器端,可以使用EM或指令来修改(alter system|session set parameter_name = values <>),文件名通常为spfile<sid>.ora,支持RMAN备份。

优先级别:

Oracle 启动读取参数文件的顺序,如果个文件都不存在,则Oracle会报错
spfile<sid>.ora --> spfile.ora -->init<sid>.ora

参数文件的路径:

spfle:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora
pfile(9i):$ORALCE_HOME/dbs/init$ORALCE_SID.ora  /*10g以后一般不用init<sid>.ora*/
pfile(10g):$ORALCE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/pfile /*仅当数据库初始化时使用*/
pfile:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init.ora  /*默认*/

参数文件之间的转化:

spfile 转化为pfile
pfile 转换为spfile

从spfile来生成pfile:
create pfile from spfile ,执行完毕后,pfile 将保存为$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init$ORACLE_SID.ora
也可以指定pfile 的路径:create pfile = '<dir>' from spfile;

由pfile 生成spfile:
create spfile from pfile
create spfile from pfile = '<dir>'
create spfile = '<dir>' from pfile

11g中的新指令,从memeory中生成
create spfile = '<dir>' from memeory 

演示:

spfile --> pfile
SQL> create pfile from spfile;

File created.

SQL> ho ls -al /u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/
total 56
drwxr-x---  2 oracle oinstall  4096 Apr  8 13:49 .
drwxr-x--- 55 oracle oinstall  4096 Apr  7 09:48 ..
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  1544 Apr  6 12:06 hc_orcl.dat
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  8385 Sep 11  1998 init.ora
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 12920 May  3  2001 initdw.ora
-rw-------  1 oracle oinstall  1155 Apr  8 13:49 initorcl.ora
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall    24 Apr  6 12:06 lkORCL
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  1536 Apr  7 15:50 orapworcl
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall  3584 Apr  8 11:15 spfileorcl.ora

SQL> ho cat /u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/initorcl.ora
orcl.__db_cache_size=251658240
orcl.__java_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__large_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__shared_pool_size=142606336
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
*.background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/bdump'
*.compatible='10.2.0.1.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl'
*.core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/cdump'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_create_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'
*.db_create_online_log_dest_1='/u01/app/oracle/disk1'
*.db_create_online_log_dest_2='/u01/app/oracle/disk2'
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=2147483648
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.job_queue_processes=10
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=135266304
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=406847488
*.undo_management='AUTO'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/udump'
 
pfile --> spfile
SQL> create spfile from pfile;  /*使用该命令的时候不能转换,如下报错,因为当前的spfile正在使用*/
create spfile from pfile
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-32002: cannot create SPFILE already being used by the instance


SQL> create spfile = '/u01/app/oracle/spfileorcl.ora' from pfile;

File created.

SQL> ho cat /u01/app/oracle/spfileorcl.ora;
a*orcl.__db_cache_size=251658240
orcl.__java_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__large_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__shared_pool_size=142606336
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
*.background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/bdump'
*.compatible='10.2.0.1.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl'
*.core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/cdump'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_create_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'
*.db_create_online_log_dest_1='/u01/app/oracle/disk1'
*.db_create_online_log_dest_2='/u01/app/oracle/disk2'
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=2147483648
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.job_queue_processes=10
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=135266304
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=406847488
*.undo_management='AUTO'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/udump'
/*

转换后的使用:
假定修改了initorcl.ora中的参数,但Oracle启动是先读取spfile ,故可以在启动的时候指定用initorcl.ora来初始化参数,启动完毕后,可以创建spfile,则下一次启动就可以使用新的spfile.

假定我们对initorcl.ora作如下修改:*/
open_cursors=600
processes=250
/*
则关闭数据库后指定以initorcl.ora参数来启动数据库*/
SQL> startup pfile = '/u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/initorcl.ora';
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  406847488 bytes
Fixed Size                  1219688 bytes
Variable Size             150995864 bytes
Database Buffers          251658240 bytes
Redo Buffers                2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

SQL> create spfile from pfile; /*修改的内容将会更新到spfile*/

File created.
 
--查看参数文件的名字
SQL> show parameter service_name

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
service_names                        string      orcl
 
--查看当前使用的哪个参数文件启动的
SQL> select distinct isspecified from v$spparameter;

ISSPEC
------
FALSE

如果第一个值是FALSE还是TRUE,如果是FALSE,则是pfile,否则则是spfile. 

也可以尝试修改spfile ,如果报错则可以判断是从pfile启动,当然所修改的参数必须是可以修改的*/
SQL> alter system set sga_target = 200m scope = spfile;
alter system set sga_target = 200m scope = spfile
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-32001: write to SPFILE requested but no SPFILE specified at startup

--强制启动Oracle后再查看是使用的哪个参数启动的。
SQL> startup force
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  406847488 bytes
Fixed Size                  1219688 bytes
Variable Size             150995864 bytes
Database Buffers          251658240 bytes
Redo Buffers                2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
  
Database opened.
SQL> select distinct isspecified from v$spparameter;

ISSPEC
------
TRUE
FALSE
  
第一行为TRUE可知,是从spfile启动的,有两行,其中第二行为FALSE,表示有两个参数文件,一个是spfile,一个是pfile
再次尝试看看能否修改spfile:  */
SQL> alter system set sga_target = 380m scope = spfile; /*修改成功*/

System altered.

参数文件的修改:
如果是pfile ,直接使用vi,vim来修改即可
如果是spfile ,则使用 */
alter system|session set parametername = values scope = memory | spfile |both sid = 'sid' | ‘*’;
scope 
   memory : 只对当前实例有效,下次启动则失效
   spfile : 只对spfile 修改,必须经过下一次启动才生效,当前的实例没有修改
   both :内存与参数文件都将修改,当不指定scope时,缺省为both.
system | session
   system : 
   
 
--  查询视图:v$parameter
             isses_modifiable  可以被alter session修改
             isssy_modifiable  可以被alter system修改        
--  sid:
sid :只对某一个实例
*   :对所有的实例修改

SQL> show parameter sga_  /*查看与sga有关的参数*/

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
sga_max_size                         big integer 388M
sga_target                           big integer 388M

SQL> alter system set sga_max_size = 350m;  /*特殊的参数不能被修改*/
alter system set sga_max_size = 350m
               *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02095: specified initialization parameter cannot be modified


SQL> a  scope = spfile
  1* alter system set sga_max_size = 350m scope = spfile
SQL> /

System altered.

SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME
----------------
orcl

SQL> alter system set sga_max_size = 350m scope = spfile sid = 'orcl';

System altered.

--只改内存
SQL> show parameter pga

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target                 big integer 129M

SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target = 130m scope = memory;

System altered.
 
--  同时修改内存和参数文件,以下两条语句等效
SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target = 130m scope = both;  

System altered.

SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target = 130m ;

System altered.

--alter session
SQL> show parameter sql_

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
plsql_ccflags                        string
plsql_code_type                      string      INTERPRETED
plsql_compiler_flags                 string      INTERPRETED, NON_DEBUG
plsql_debug                          boolean     FALSE
plsql_native_library_dir             string
plsql_native_library_subdir_count    integer     0
plsql_optimize_level                 integer     2
plsql_v2_compatibility               boolean     FALSE
plsql_warnings                       string      DISABLE:ALL
sql92_security                       boolean     FALSE
sql_trace                            boolean     FALSE

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
sql_version                          string      NATIVE
sqltune_category                     string      DEFAULT
SQL> alter session set sql_trace = true;

Session altered.
 
--  可以从v$parameter视图中来得到哪些可以使用alter system修改,哪些可以使用alter session来修改。
SQL> col name for a40
SQL> select NAME,ISSES_MODIFIABLE,ISSYS_MODIFIABLE from v$parameter where name like 'sql%';

NAME                                     ISSES ISSYS_MOD
---------------------------------------- ----- ---------
sql_trace                                TRUE  IMMEDIATE
sql92_security                           FALSE FALSE
sql_version                              TRUE  FALSE
sqltune_category                         TRUE  IMMEDIATE
 
--  TURE:可以该类型修改,FLASE:不支持该类型修改,IMMEDIATE:也是支持该类型修改

SQL> alter system set sql_version = 8; /*不支持system类型修改*/
alter system set sql_version = 8
               *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02096: specified initialization parameter is not modifiable with this option
SQL> alter session set sql_version = 8;
ERROR:
ORA-00096: invalid value 8 for parameter sql_version, must be from among MAX,
NATIVE, 8.1.6, 8.1.5

SQL> alter session set sql_version = '8.1.6'; /*支持session类型修改*/

Session altered.

SQL> select distinct issys_modifiable from v$parameter;

ISSYS_MOD
---------
IMMEDIATE   /*动态参数,直接修改到内存的参数alter system set <> = <>,后面不需要跟scope*/
FALSE       /*静态参数,不能直接修改到内存,alter system set <> = <> scope = spfile*/
DEFERRED    /*会话级别参数,直接通过alter session set <> = <>*/

SQL> select distinct isses_modifiable from v$parameter;

ISSES
-----
TRUE
FALSE
 
--系统中的常用参数:
SQL> ho ls /u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/
hc_orcl.dat  initdw.ora    lkORCL     spfileorcl.ora
init.ora     initorcl.ora  orapworcl

SQL> ho cat /u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/initorcl.ora
/*下面的参数描述了实例相关池的分配情况*/
orcl.__db_cache_size=251658240
orcl.__java_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__large_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__shared_pool_size=142606336
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0

*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump' /*警告日志路径*/
*.background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/bdump' /*后台进程日志路径*/
*.compatible='10.2.0.1.0'  /*版本兼容号*/
/*下面是控制文件的信息*/
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl'
*.core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/cdump' /*服务器进程相关的日志路径*/
*.db_block_size=8192   /*内存块的大小*/
*.db_create_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'  /*tablespace ,datafile路径*/
*.db_create_online_log_dest_1='/u01/app/oracle/disk1'  /*联机日志文件路径*/
*.db_create_online_log_dest_2='/u01/app/oracle/disk2'  /*联机日志文件路径*/
*.db_domain=''  /域名/
*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16  /*一次可读取块的大小:*8k = 128kb*/
*.db_name='orcl' /数据库标识符/
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area' /*闪回路径*/
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=2147483648           /*闪回区可使用的大小GB*/
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'  /*共享服务器的配置参数*/
*.job_queue_processes=10                          /*当前作业进程数*/
*.open_cursors=600                                /*可打开的游标数*/
*.pga_aggregate_target=135266304                  /*服务器进程大小*/
*.processes=250                                   /*描述当前可以运行的进程数*/
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'           /*远程登陆是否要用密码文件*/
*.sga_target=406847488                            /*定义了sga的大小*/
*.undo_management='AUTO'                          /*Undo表空间的管理方式为自动管理*/ 
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'                      /*指定使用哪一个undo表空间*/
*.user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/udump' /**/
 
--11g中的参数文件:
 
--  隐藏参数:
SQL> desc x$ksppi /*Name列中为隐藏参数的名字*/
Name                                      Null?    Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ADDR                                               RAW(4)
INDX                                               NUMBER
INST_ID                                            NUMBER
KSPPINM                                            VARCHAR2(80)
KSPPITY                                            NUMBER
KSPPDESC                                           VARCHAR2(255)
KSPPIFLG                                           NUMBER
KSPPILRMFLG                                        NUMBER
KSPPIHASH                                          NUMBER
 
--下面视图中为隐藏参数的值
SQL> desc x$ksppcv 
Name                                      Null?    Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ADDR                                               RAW(4)
INDX                                               NUMBER
INST_ID                                            NUMBER
KSPPSTVL                                           VARCHAR2(512)
KSPPSTDVL                                          VARCHAR2(512)
KSPPSTDF                                           VARCHAR2(9)
KSPPSTVF                                           NUMBER
KSPPSTCMNT                                         VARCHAR2(255)
     
--使用下面的命令来查看系统中的隐藏参数;

SQL> select ksppinm,ksppstvl from x$ksppi a,x$ksppcv b where a.indx = b.indx;
SQL> a      and ksppinm like '%_allow%';                                     
  1* select ksppinm,ksppstvl from x$ksppi a,x$ksppcv b where a.indx = b.indx     and ksppinm like '%_allow%'
SQL> /

KSPPINM                                                            KSPPSTVL
----------------------------------------                           ----------
_allow_level_without_connect_by                                    FALSE
_asm_allow_only_raw_disks                                          TRUE
_asm_allow_resilver_corruption                                     FALSE


--参数的删除:
对于pfile直接编辑删除即可
对于spfile 例如使用alter system set pga_aggregate_target reset将恢复到默认值 

SQL> show parameter pga

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target                 big integer 130M

SQL> alter system reset pga_aggregate_target scope = spfile sid = '*';

System altered.
    
--修改会默认值后重新启动可以看到该参数的值由M变为M
SQL> show parameter pga;

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target                 big integer 76M