基于版本:Guava 22.0
0. ImmutableCollection简介
类似于JDK的Collections.unmodifiableXXX,可以创建不可变集合,是一种防御式编程的体现。
1. 类图
这张类图也不完全,ImmutableCollection实际上有十几个子类
2. 设计思路
ImmutableCollection是继承于Collection的抽象类,将所有涉及到修改的方法全部设置为final(禁止子类重写),方法体是直接抛出UnsupportedOperationException。
这样就实现了禁止修改的语义。
随意举两个例子如下:
/**
* Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException always
* @deprecated Unsupported operation.
*/
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
@Deprecated
@Override
public final boolean add(E e) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException always
* @deprecated Unsupported operation.
*/
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
@Deprecated
@Override
public final boolean remove(Object object) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
但是如何初始化ImmutableCollection呢?
a. ImmutableCollection的子类都实现了of与copyOf方法,通过这两个方法可以直接获取ImmutableCollection的实例。
b. ImmutableCollection.Builder提供了更加方便的构造器,ImmutableCollection的子类通过实现ImmutableCollection.Builder的关键方法,可以创建ImmutableCollection的实例。
3. ImmutableList
简单分析一下ImmutableList的实现
public static <E> ImmutableList<E> copyOf(Collection<? extends E> elements) {
if (elements instanceof ImmutableCollection) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // all supported methods are covariant
ImmutableList<E> list = ((ImmutableCollection<E>) elements).asList();
return list.isPartialView() ? ImmutableList.<E>asImmutableList(list.toArray()) : list;
}
return construct(elements.toArray());
}
这个copyOf方法是很有意思的:
如果发现传入的集合是ImmutableCollection,并且不是完全的集合(由subList这种方法创建的集合),则创建一个拷贝(不再保留对原集合的引用,如果原集合很大,可以减少内存泄漏的可能),如果是完全的集合,则直接返回它的引用。
/**
* Returns an immutable list of the elements between the specified {@code
* fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code
* fromIndex} and {@code toIndex} are equal, the empty immutable list is
* returned.)
*/
@Override
public ImmutableList<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
checkPositionIndexes(fromIndex, toIndex, size());
int length = toIndex - fromIndex;
if (length == size()) {//直接返回整个引用
return this;
} else if (length == 0) {
return of();//返回EMPTY
} else {
return subListUnchecked(fromIndex, toIndex);//创建subList
}
}
/**
* Called by the default implementation of {@link #subList} when {@code
* toIndex - fromIndex > 1}, after index validation has already been
* performed.
*/
ImmutableList<E> subListUnchecked(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
return new SubList(fromIndex, toIndex - fromIndex);//限定subList的范围
}
class SubList extends ImmutableList<E> {
final transient int offset;
final transient int length;
SubList(int offset, int length) {
this.offset = offset;
this.length = length;
}
@Override
public int size() {
return length;
}
@Override
public E get(int index) {//转换下标,从原list的对应位置取值
checkElementIndex(index, length);
return ImmutableList.this.get(index + offset);
}
@Override
public ImmutableList<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
checkPositionIndexes(fromIndex, toIndex, length);
return ImmutableList.this.subList(fromIndex + offset, toIndex + offset);
}
@Override
boolean isPartialView() {//标注这是一个不完整的集合
return true;
}
}
ImmutableList.subList方法的实现,没有创建ImmutableList的副本,而是直接访问原ImmutableList中的元素,当然中间会进行下标的转换。
由于ImmutableList是不可变的,所以这样做是非常安全的,而且节省了开销。
4. 与Collections.unmodifiableXXX的区别
-
unwieldy and verbose; unpleasant to use everywhere you want to make defensive copies
-
unsafe: the returned collections are only truly immutable if nobody holds a reference to the original collection
-
inefficient: the data structures still have all the overhead of mutable collections, including concurrent modification checks, extra space in hash tables, etc.
直接引用并发编程网的翻译如下
-
笨重而且累赘:不能舒适地用在所有想做防御性拷贝的场景;
-
不安全:要保证没人通过原集合的引用进行修改,返回的集合才是事实上不可变的;
-
低效:包装过的集合仍然保有可变集合的开销,比如并发修改的检查、散列表的额外空间,等等。