Linux中的LVM和软RAID

时间:2024-11-30 18:36:55

    在实际工作中,会经常碰到所给的服务器硬盘容量太小,而实际的应用软件中却需要一个容量较大的分区进行数据存储等,除了通过硬件RAID卡来实现合并多硬盘外,其实我们也可以通过软件的方式来实现。

实验环境

  • 虚拟机:CentOS 6.6 x64
  • 硬盘1:/dev/sdb
  • 硬盘2:/dev/sdc
  • 硬盘3:/dev/sdd

  详细硬盘列表信息如下所示:

Linux中的LVM和软RAID

使用LVM合并硬盘

使用LVM(Logical Volume Manager)目的如下所示:

将多块独立的硬盘合并为逻辑上的一块,并挂载到指定的挂载点中,达到在一个目录中使用多块硬盘所有空间的效果

LVM相关概念

  • PV(Physical Volume):物理卷

硬盘分区后但还未格式化为文件系统,可使用pvcreate命令将分区创建为PV,其对应的system ID为8e即LVM格式所对应的系统标识符。

  • VG(Volume Group):卷组

将多个PV组合起来,使用vgcreate创建卷组,这样卷组就可以包含多个PV,相当于重新组合多个分区后所得到的磁盘。虽然VG是组合了多个PV,但创建VG时会将VG所有的空间根据指定的PE大小划分为多个PE,在LVM模式中存储都是以PE为单元,类似于文件系统中的BLOCK。

  • PE(Physical Extent):物理块

PE是VG的存储单元,实际的数据都是存储在PE中

  • LV(Logical Volume):逻辑卷

VG相当于组合的多个硬盘,则LV相当于分区,只不过该分区是通过VG进行划分的。VG中存在很多PE,可以指定将多少个PE划分给一个LV,也可以直接指定大小来划分。划分为LV后就相当于划分了分区,仅需要对LV进行格式化文件系统即可。

  • LE(Logical Extent):逻辑块

PE是物理存储单元,而LE则是逻辑存储单元,即LE为LV中的逻辑存储单元,与PE大小一致。从VG中划分LV,实际上就是从VG中划分PE,而划分LV后称之为LE,而不是PE了。

LVM之所以能够伸缩容量,其实现方法就是将LV中的PE进行删除或增加
  • LVM的存储机制

    LV是从VG中划分出来的,因此LV中的PE可能来自于多个PV。因此向LV存储数据时,主要有两种机制:

  • [ ] 线性模式(Linear):先将数据存储在属于同一个PV的PE,然后再向下一个PV中的PE
  • [ ] 条带模式(Striped):将一份数据拆分为多份,分别写入该LV对应的每个PV中,类似于RAID 0,因此读写性能会优于线性模式。
尽管条带模式读写性能会比较好,但LVM的重点是扩展容量而非性能,如果要实现读写性能还是推荐采用RAID方式实现。
  • LVM示意图

    Linux中的LVM和软RAID

创建LVM操作步骤

1、创建PV(Physical Volume)

[root@Wine ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully created

2、查看创建的PV列表

[root@Wine ~]# pvs # 查看列表
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 40.00g 40.00g
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 50.00g 50.00g
/dev/sdd lvm2 --- 30.00g 30.00g

[root@Wine ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/sdb lvm2 [40.00 GiB]
PV /dev/sdc lvm2 [50.00 GiB]
PV /dev/sdd lvm2 [30.00 GiB]
Total: 3 [120.00 GiB] / in use: 0 [0 ] / in no VG: 3 [120.00 GiB]
[root@Wine ~]# pvdisplay # 查看PV详细信息
"/dev/sdb" is a new physical volume of "40.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdb
VG Name
PV Size 40.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID 9vAxyC-FsAc-S2HA-aCze-MZe5-em24-7th27s
"/dev/sdc" is a new physical volume of "50.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdc
VG Name
PV Size 50.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID HdbCuK-hFkP-QQbr-Naaa-PNzz-WFNw-78uXs3
"/dev/sdd" is a new physical volume of "30.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdd
VG Name
PV Size 30.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID EpPdAf-ku4b-zIMm-V2Np-gnuC-59nj-L0Zd9G

3、创建VG(Volume Group)

  创建的VG的使用方法如下

vgcreate [自定义LVM名称] [设备]

[root@Wine ~]# vgcreate TestLVM /dev/sdb # 创建主要卷组
Volume group "TestLVM" successfully created
[root@Wine ~]# vgdisplay # 显示卷组详细信息
--- Volume group ---
VG Name TestLVM
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 40.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 10239
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 10239 / 40.00 GiB
VG UUID s0gVkf-FScU-7x9v-HIx3-cinR-Sc60-IHgKmn

4、向VG中添加PV(Volume Group)

  向VG中添加PV的使用方法如下

vgextend [自定义LVM名称] [设备]

[root@Wine ~]# vgextend TestLVM /dev/sdc /dev/sdd # 创建扩展卷组,并使其合并到一个卷组中
Volume group "TestLVM" successfully extended # 查看扩展卷组
[root@Wine ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name TestLVM
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 119.99 GiB # 注意这里与前面的区别
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 30717
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 30717 / 119.99 GiB
VG UUID s0gVkf-FScU-7x9v-HIx3-cinR-Sc60-IHgKmn

5、创建LV(Logical Volume)

  创建的LV的使用方法如下

lvcreate -L[自定义分区大小] -n[自定义分区名称] [VG名称]



lvcreate -l[%{ VG | FREE | ORIGIN }] -n[自定义分区名称] [VG名称]

[root@Wine ~]# lvcreate -l 100%VG -nTestData TestLVM # 创建LV
Logical volume "TestData" created
[root@Wine ~]# lvscan # 查看创建的LV列表
ACTIVE '/dev/TestLVM/TestData' [119.99 GiB] inherit
[root@Wine ~]# lvdisplay # 查看创建的LV详细信息
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/TestLVM/TestData
LV Name TestData
VG Name TestLVM
LV UUID 2zvNe9-dtlv-pcWc-oTnJ-6INz-e2dI-vRQ7Vq
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time Wine, 2018-11-14 11:01:56 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 119.99 GiB
Current LE 30717
Segments 3
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0

6、格式化分区

[root@Wine ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/TestLVM/TestData # 格式化分区
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
7864320 inodes, 31454208 blocks
1572710 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
960 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872 正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

7、创建挂载点并进行挂载

[root@Wine ~]# mkdir /LVM
[root@Wine ~]# mount /dev/TestLVM/TestData /LVM/
[root@Wine ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 ext4 79G 9.6G 65G 13% /
tmpfs tmpfs 7.8G 72K 7.8G 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 190M 32M 149M 18% /boot
/dev/mapper/TestLVM-TestData ext4 118G 60M 112G 1% /LVM # 创建的LVM挂载点

8、添加开机自动挂载

[root@Wine ~]# echo '/dev/TestLVM/TestData  /LVM ext4 defaults 0 0 ' >> /etc/fstab

删除LVM操作步骤

1、在备份LVM数据后,先卸载挂载点并删除/etc/fstab中的挂载记录

[root@Wine ~]# umount /LVM/;df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 79G 9.6G 65G 13% /
tmpfs 7.8G 72K 7.8G 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 32M 149M 18% /boot

2、删除LV

[root@Wine ~]# lvremove /dev/TestLVM/TestData
Do you really want to remove active logical volume TestData? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "TestData" successfully removed

3、删除VG

[root@Wine ~]# vgremove TestLVM
Volume group "TestLVM" successfully removed

4、删除PV

[root@Wine ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully wiped

使用软RAID

创建软RAID

    RAID通过分为两种:

  • 硬件RAID:通过RAID卡连接多个硬盘或服务器主板集成RAID控制器从而实现RAID相关功能
  • 软件RAID:通过软件层面来模拟实现RAID的相关功能,从而达到与硬件RAID相同的功能

在Linux中通常是使用md模块来实现软件RAID

1、确认操作系统是否安装mdadm包

[root@Wine ~]# rpm -q mdadm
mdadm-3.3-6.el6.x86_64

2、对进行需要创建软件的硬盘进行分区并设置分区类型为RAID

[root@Wine ~]# lsblk # 显示硬盘和分区信息
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
sdb 8:16 0 40G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 30G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 50G 0 disk
sda 8:0 0 80G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 79.8G 0 part /
# 创建分区
[root@Wine ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7bfec905.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): n # 添加新分区
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p # 选择分区类型
Partition number (1-4): 1 # 设置分区号
First cylinder (1-5221, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-5221, default 5221):
Using default value 5221 Command (m for help): l # 打印支持的分区格式类型 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 Command (m for help): t # 更改分区类型
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd # 设置分区类型为RAID
Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect) Command (m for help): p # 打印信息 Disk /dev/sdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x7bfec905 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 5221 41937651 fd Linux raid autodetect Command (m for help): w # 保存分区信息
The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

fdisk命令只适合小于2T的硬盘,如大于2T则需要使用parted。

  使用parted命令创建RAID的如下所示:

[root@Wine ~]# parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 2.1
使用 /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel gpt
警告: The existing disk label on /dev/sdc will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
是/Yes/否/No? y
(parted) mkpart primary 1 -1
(parted) set 1 raid # 关键步骤在这里
新状态? [开]/on/关/off? on
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 53.7GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name 标志
1 1049kB 53.7GB 53.7GB primary raid

3、使用mdadm创建RAID

[root@Wine ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --auto yes --level 0 -n3 /dev/sd{b,c,d}1
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@Wine ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
sdb 8:16 0 40G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 40G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 119.9G 0 raid0
sdd 8:48 0 30G 0 disk
└─sdd1 8:49 0 30G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 119.9G 0 raid0
sdc 8:32 0 50G 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 50G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 119.9G 0 raid0
sda 8:0 0 80G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 79.8G 0 part /

 该命令中各参数说明:

  • -C/--create:新建阵列
  • -a/--auto:允许mdadm创建设备文件,一般常用参数-a yes一次性创建
  • -l/--levle:RAID模式,支持RAID0/1/4/5/6/10等
  • -n/--raid-devices=:创建阵列中活动磁盘的数量
  • /dev/md0:阵列的设备名称
  • /dev/sd{b,c,d}1:创建阵列中的物理磁盘分区信息

更多mdadm帮助,可使用mdadm -h 或 man mdadm

  创建完成后,查看阵列状态:

[root@Wine ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid0]
md0 : active raid0 sdd1[2] sdc1[1] sdb1[0]
125722624 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks
unused devices: <none>
或使用
[root@Wine ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 # 查看软件RAID信息
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Wed Nov 14 14:36:11 2018
Raid Level : raid0
Array Size : 125722624 (119.90 GiB 128.74 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Nov 14 14:36:11 2018
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0 Chunk Size : 512K Name : Wine:0 (local to host Wine)
UUID : 2c8da2fd:7729efbd:5e414dd0:9cfb9f5f
Events : 0 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1

4、创建md0配置文件

[root@Wine ~]# echo DEVICE /dev/sd{b,c,d}1 >> /etc/mdadm.conf
[root@Wine ~]# mdadm -Evs >> /etc/mdadm.conf
[root@Wine ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
DEVICE /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
ARRAY /dev/md/0 level=raid0 metadata=1.2 num-devices=3 UUID=2c8da2fd:7729efbd:5e414dd0:9cfb9f5f name=Wine:0
devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1,/dev/sdd1

5、格式化RAID分区

[root@Wine ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=384 blocks
7864320 inodes, 31430656 blocks
1571532 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
960 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872 正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

6、添加开机自动挂载

[root@Wine ~]# blkid | grep /dev/md # 这里推荐使用UUID进行挂载
/dev/md0: UUID="40829115-a1c5-4d5a-af4a-07225a4619fc" TYPE="ext4"
[root@Wine ~]# echo "UUID=40829115-a1c5-4d5a-af4a-07225a4619fc /SoftRAID ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab# 添加挂载信息到/etc/fstab中
[root@Wine ~]# mount -a;df -h # 查看系统挂载信息
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 79G 9.6G 65G 13% /
tmpfs 7.8G 72K 7.8G 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 32M 149M 18% /boot
/dev/md0 118G 60M 112G 1% /SoftRAID

删除软RAID

1、卸载挂载点

[root@Wine ~]# umount /dev/md0

2、停止软件RAID设备

[root@Wine ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0

3、删除RAID中的磁盘

[root@Wine ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sd{b,c,d}1

4、删除mdadm配置文件

[root@Wine ~]# rm -f /etc/mdadm.conf

5、删除/etc/fstab中的挂载信息

    以上即是在Linux常见的两种将多个硬盘合并容量的方法,仅作为参考。在现实环境中还是推荐使用硬件RAID,数据无价。

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Linux中的LVM和软RAID