Maven可以使用mvn package指令对项目进行打包,如果使用Java -jar xxx.jar执行运行jar文件,会出现"no main manifest attribute, in xxx.jar"(没有设置Main-Class)、ClassNotFoundException(找不到依赖包)等错误。
要想jar包能直接通过java -jar xxx.jar运行,需要满足:
1、在jar包中的META-INF/MANIFEST.MF中指定Main-Class,这样才能确定程序的入口在哪里;
2、要能加载到依赖包。
使用Maven有以下几种方法可以生成能直接运行的jar包,可以根据需要选择一种合适的方法。
方法一:使用maven-jar-plugin和maven-dependency-plugin插件打包
在pom.xml中配置:
- <build>
- <plugins>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.6</version>
- <configuration>
- <archive>
- <manifest>
- <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
- <classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>
- <mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
- </manifest>
- </archive>
- </configuration>
- </plugin>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.10</version>
- <executions>
- <execution>
- <id>copy-dependencies</id>
- <phase>package</phase>
- <goals>
- <goal>copy-dependencies</goal>
- </goals>
- <configuration>
- <outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>
- </configuration>
- </execution>
- </executions>
- </plugin>
- </plugins>
- </build>
<build>
<plugins><plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.6</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>
<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
<classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>
<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
</manifest>
</archive>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.10</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>copy-dependencies</id>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>copy-dependencies</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin> </plugins></build>
maven-jar-plugin用于生成META-INF/MANIFEST.MF文件的部分内容,<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>指定MANIFEST.MF中的Main-Class,<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>会在MANIFEST.MF加上Class-Path项并配置依赖包,<classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>指定依赖包所在目录。
例如下面是一个通过maven-jar-plugin插件生成的MANIFEST.MF文件片段:
- Class-Path: lib/commons-logging-1.2.jar lib/commons-io-2.4.jar
- Main-Class: com.xxg.Main
Class-Path: lib/commons-logging-1.2.jar lib/commons-io-2.4.jar
Main-Class: com.xxg.Main
只是生成MANIFEST.MF文件还不够,maven-dependency-plugin插件用于将依赖包拷贝到<outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>指定的位置,即lib目录下。
配置完成后,通过mvn package指令打包,会在target目录下生成jar包,并将依赖包拷贝到target/lib目录下,目录结构如下:
指定了Main-Class,有了依赖包,那么就可以直接通过java -jar xxx.jar运行jar包。
这种方式生成jar包有个缺点,就是生成的jar包太多不便于管理,下面两种方式只生成一个jar文件,包含项目本身的代码、资源以及所有的依赖包。
方法二:使用maven-assembly-plugin插件打包
在pom.xml中配置:
- <build>
- <plugins>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.5.5</version>
- <configuration>
- <archive>
- <manifest>
- <mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
- </manifest>
- </archive>
- <descriptorRefs>
- <descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
- </descriptorRefs>
- </configuration>
- </plugin>
- </plugins>
- </build>
<build>
<plugins><plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.5.5</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>
<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
</manifest>
</archive>
<descriptorRefs>
<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
</descriptorRefs>
</configuration>
</plugin> </plugins></build>
打包方式:
- mvn package assembly:single
mvn package assembly:single
打包后会在target目录下生成一个xxx-jar-with-dependencies.jar文件,这个文件不但包含了自己项目中的代码和资源,还包含了所有依赖包的内容。所以可以直接通过java -jar来运行。
此外还可以直接通过mvn package来打包,无需assembly:single,不过需要加上一些配置:
- <build>
- <plugins>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.5.5</version>
- <configuration>
- <archive>
- <manifest>
- <mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
- </manifest>
- </archive>
- <descriptorRefs>
- <descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
- </descriptorRefs>
- </configuration>
- <executions>
- <execution>
- <id>make-assembly</id>
- <phase>package</phase>
- <goals>
- <goal>single</goal>
- </goals>
- </execution>
- </executions>
- </plugin>
- </plugins>
- </build>
<build>
<plugins><plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.5.5</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>
<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
</manifest>
</archive>
<descriptorRefs>
<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
</descriptorRefs>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>make-assembly</id>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>single</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin> </plugins></build>
其中<phase>package</phase>、<goal>single</goal>即表示在执行package打包时,执行assembly:single,所以可以直接使用mvn package打包。
不过,如果项目中用到spring Framework,用这种方式打出来的包运行时会出错,使用下面的方法三可以处理。
方法三:使用maven-shade-plugin插件打包
在pom.xml中配置:
- <build>
- <plugins>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.4.1</version>
- <executions>
- <execution>
- <phase>package</phase>
- <goals>
- <goal>shade</goal>
- </goals>
- <configuration>
- <transformers>
- <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
- <mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
- </transformer>
- </transformers>
- </configuration>
- </execution>
- </executions>
- </plugin>
- </plugins>
- </build>
<build>
<plugins><plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4.1</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>shade</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<transformers>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
</transformer>
</transformers>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin> </plugins></build>
配置完成后,执行mvn package即可打包。在target目录下会生成两个jar包,注意不是original-xxx.jar文件,而是另外一个。和maven-assembly-plugin一样,生成的jar文件包含了所有依赖,所以可以直接运行。
如果项目中用到了Spring Framework,将依赖打到一个jar包中,运行时会出现读取XML schema文件出错。原因是Spring Framework的多个jar包中包含相同的文件spring.handlers和spring.schemas,如果生成一个jar包会互相覆盖。为了避免互相影响,可以使用AppendingTransformer来对文件内容追加合并:
- <build>
- <plugins>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.4.1</version>
- <executions>
- <execution>
- <phase>package</phase>
- <goals>
- <goal>shade</goal>
- </goals>
- <configuration>
- <transformers>
- <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
- <mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
- </transformer>
- <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
- <resource>META-INF/spring.handlers</resource>
- </transformer>
- <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
- <resource>META-INF/spring.schemas</resource>
- </transformer>
- </transformers>
- </configuration>
- </execution>
- </executions>
- </plugin>
- </plugins>
- </build>
<build>
<plugins><plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4.1</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>shade</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<transformers>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
<mainClass>com.xxg.Main</mainClass>
</transformer>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
<resource>META-INF/spring.handlers</resource>
</transformer>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
<resource>META-INF/spring.schemas</resource>
</transformer>
</transformers>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin> </plugins></build>