Java集合5:LinkedHashMap与LRU cache

时间:2022-06-22 20:03:50
1、LRU缓存介绍         我们平时总会有一个电话本记录所有朋友的电话,但是,如果有朋友经常联系,那些朋友的电话号码不用翻电话本我们也能记住,但是,如果长时间没有联系了,要再次联系那位朋友的时候,我们又不得不求助电话本,但是,通过电话本查找还是很费时间的。但是,我们大脑能够记住的东西是一定的,我们只能记住自己最熟悉的,而长时间不熟悉的自然就忘记了。         其实,计算机也用到了同样的一个概念,我们用缓存来存放以前读取的数据,而不是直接丢掉,这样,再次读取的时候,可以直接在缓存里面取,而不用再重新查找一遍,这样系统的反应能力会有很大提高。但是,当我们读取的个数特别大的时候,我们不可能把所有已经读取的数据都放在缓存里,毕竟内存大小是一定的,我们一般把最近常读取的放在缓存里(相当于我们把最近联系的朋友的姓名和电话放在大脑里一样)。         LRU缓存利用了这样的一种思想。LRU是Least Recently Used 的缩写,翻译过来就是“最近最少使用”,也就是说,LRU缓存把最近最少使用的数据移除,让给最新读取的数据。而往往最常读取的,也是读取次数最多的,所以,利用LRU缓存,我们能够提高系统的performance
2、实现         要实现LRU缓存,我们首先要用到一个类 LinkedHashMap。 用这个类有两大好处:一是它本身已经实现了按照访问顺序的存储,也就是说,最近读取的会放在最前面,最最不常读取的会放在最后(当然,它也可以实现按照插入顺序存储)。第二,LinkedHashMap本身有一个方法用于判断是否需要移除最不常读取的数,但是,原始方法默认不需要移除(这是,LinkedHashMap相当于一个linkedlist),所以,我们需要override这样一个方法,使得当缓存里存放的数据个数超过规定个数后,就把最不常用的移除掉。关于LinkedHashMap中已经有详细的介绍。
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;import java.util.Collection;import java.util.Map;import java.util.ArrayList; /*** An LRU cache, based on <code>LinkedHashMap</code>.** <p>* This cache has a fixed maximum number of elements (<code>cacheSize</code>).* If the cache is full and another entry is added, the LRU (least recently used) entry is dropped.** <p>* This class is thread-safe. All methods of this class are synchronized.** <p>* Author: Christian d'Heureuse, Inventec Informatik AG, Zurich, Switzerland<br>* Multi-licensed: EPL / LGPL / GPL / AL / BSD.*/public class LRUCache<K,V> { private static final float hashTableLoadFactor = 0.75f; private LinkedHashMap<K,V> map;private int cacheSize; /*** Creates a new LRU cache.* 在该方法中,new LinkedHashMap<K,V>(hashTableCapacity, hashTableLoadFactor, true)中,true代表使用访问顺序* @param cacheSize the maximum number of entries that will be kept in this cache.*/public LRUCache (int cacheSize) { this.cacheSize = cacheSize; int hashTableCapacity = (int)Math.ceil(cacheSize / hashTableLoadFactor) + 1; map = new LinkedHashMap<K,V>(hashTableCapacity, hashTableLoadFactor, true) { // (an anonymous inner class) private static final long serialVersionUID = 1; @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry (Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) { return size() > LRUCache.this.cacheSize; }}; } /*** Retrieves an entry from the cache.<br>* The retrieved entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry.* @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned.* @return the value associated to this key, or null if no value with this key exists in the cache.*/public synchronized V get (K key) { return map.get(key); } /*** Adds an entry to this cache.* The new entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry.* If an entry with the specified key already exists in the cache, it is replaced by the new entry.* If the cache is full, the LRU (least recently used) entry is removed from the cache.* @param key the key with which the specified value is to be associated.* @param value a value to be associated with the specified key.*/public synchronized void put (K key, V value) { map.put (key, value); } /*** Clears the cache.*/public synchronized void clear() { map.clear(); } /*** Returns the number of used entries in the cache.* @return the number of entries currently in the cache.*/public synchronized int usedEntries() { return map.size(); } /*** Returns a <code>Collection</code> that contains a copy of all cache entries.* @return a <code>Collection</code> with a copy of the cache content.*/public synchronized Collection<Map.Entry<K,V>> getAll() { return new ArrayList<Map.Entry<K,V>>(map.entrySet()); } } // end class LRUCache------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Test routine for the LRUCache class.public static void main (String[] args) { LRUCache<String,String> c = new LRUCache<String, String>(3); c.put ("1", "one"); // 1 c.put ("2", "two"); // 2 1 c.put ("3", "three"); // 3 2 1 c.put ("4", "four"); // 4 3 2 if (c.get("2") == null) throw new Error(); // 2 4 3 c.put ("5", "five"); // 5 2 4 c.put ("4", "second four"); // 4 5 2 // Verify cache content. if (c.usedEntries() != 3) throw new Error(); if (!c.get("4").equals("second four")) throw new Error(); if (!c.get("5").equals("five")) throw new Error(); if (!c.get("2").equals("two")) throw new Error(); // List cache content. for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : c.getAll()) System.out.println (e.getKey() + " : " + e.getValue()); }