某网友问:“map中怎么设置多个key值进行排序?”
在C++中,map是典型的关联容器或者叫映射容器(associative container),其中的每一个元素都是由key-value这样成对出现的内容组成的,比如学号和学生之类具有一一对应关系的情形,学号可以作为key,学生对象可以作为key所对应的value。很显然这种情况下的key只有一个值,但是,在实际工作中,我们可能会经常需要使用多个值组合起来作为key的情况,比如我们要按照学生的视力和身高进行排序,以决定学生的座位排在前面还是后面,而且还是假定要用map来解决这样的问题(当然,这样的问题有很多其它的解决办法),那应该怎么办呢?
(1) 单值作为key的情形
我们知道map在缺省状态下,其数据是按照key的升序进行排列的。假定我们有一个Student类,声明如下:
class Student { private: int id; // 学号 string name; // 姓名 float eyesight; // 视力 float height; // 身高 float chinese; // 语文成绩 float english; // 英文成绩 float math; // 数学成绩 public: Student(int id, string name,floateyesight, float height,float chinese, float english,float math) { this->id = id; this->name = name; this->eyesight = eyesight; this->height = height; this->chinese = chinese; this->english = english; this->math = math; } int get_id() { return id; } string get_name() { return name; } float get_eyesight() { return eyesight; } float get_height() { return height; } float get_chinese() { return chinese; } float get_english() { return english; } float get_math() { return math; } };
那么下面的程序:
int main(int argc,char**argv) { map<int, Student> stu_map; // int作为key的类型,Student作为value的类型 stu_map.insert(make_pair(4,Student(4, "Dudley",1.1f, 170.2f, 90.5f, 89.5f, 93.0))); stu_map.insert(make_pair(3,Student(3, "Chris", 1.1f, 163.4f, 93.5f,90.0f, 83.5f))); stu_map.insert(make_pair(2,Student(2, "Bob", 1.5f, 166.6f, 86.0f,98.5f, 85.0f))); stu_map.insert(make_pair(1,Student(1, "Andrew", 1.5f, 173.2f, 98.5f,100.0f, 100.f))); map<int, Student>::iterator iter; for(iter = stu_map.begin(); iter != stu_map.end();++iter) { cout<< iter->first << "\t"<< iter->second.get_name() << endl; } return 0; }
就会按照学号的升序给出输出:
1 Andrew
2 Bob
3 Chris
4 Dudley
这是缺省的情形,如果要将学生的姓名按照学号的降序输出,那么仅需将上面main函数中的
map<int,Student> stu_map;改为
map<int,Student, greater<int> > stu_map;
以及
map<int,Student>::iterator iter;改为
map<int,Student, greater<int> >::iteratoriter;
即可。
其实,map<int,Student> stu_map;这是一种缺省的情况,它和
map<int,Student, less<int> > stu_map;是一样的。
(2) 多值组合作为key的情形
现在,我们来看看多个值组合起来作为key的情况,为此,我们需要为key定义一个类,如下:
class key { public: float eyesight; float height; key(float x, floaty):eyesight(x), height(y) { } friend bool operator < (constkey&,const key&); }; bool operator < (constkey& key1,const key& key2) { // 按eyesight升序 + height升序排列 if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) return (key1.eyesight < key2.eyesight); else return (key1.height < key2.height); // 按eyesight降序 + height降序排列 //if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) // return(key1.eyesight > key2.eyesight); //else // return(key1.height > key2.height); // 按eyesight升序 + height降序排列 //if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) // return(key1.eyesight < key2.eyesight); //else // return(key1.height > key2.height); // 按eyesight降序 + height升序排列 //if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) // return(key1.eyesight > key2.eyesight); //else // return(key1.height < key2.height); }
再修改main函数如下:
int main(int argc,char**argv) { map<key,Student> stu_map; Studentstu4(4, "Dudley",1.1f, 170.2f, 90.5f, 89.5f, 93.0); Studentstu3(3, "Chris", 1.1f, 163.4f, 93.5f,90.0f, 83.5f); Studentstu2(2, "Bob", 1.5f, 166.6f, 86.0f,98.5f, 85.0f); Studentstu1(1, "Andrew", 1.5f, 173.2f, 98.5f,100.0f, 100.f); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu4.get_eyesight(),stu4.get_height()), stu4)); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu3.get_eyesight(),stu3.get_height()), stu3)); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu2.get_eyesight(),stu2.get_height()), stu2)); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu1.get_eyesight(),stu1.get_height()), stu1)); map<key,Student>::iterator iter; for(iter = stu_map.begin(); iter != stu_map.end();++iter) { cout<< iter->first.eyesight << "\t"<< iter->first.height << "\t" << iter->second.get_id()<<"\t" <<iter->second.get_name() << endl; } return 0; }
那么输出结果为:
1.1 163.4 3 Chris
1.1 170.2 4 Dudley
1.5 166.6 2 Bob
1.5 173.2 1 Andrew
从上面的输出,我们可以很明显地看到,是按照视力升序和升高升序输出的,另外三种可能的排序情况,也在类key的操作符“<”的重载函数中,用注释的形式给出了。
(3)结论
1.通常我们不用STL algorithm中的sort函数,来对一个map进行排序,而对vector的元素进行排序则可以很方面地使用sort函数;
2.多值组合作为key的情况,需要我们自己定义一个key类,并在该类中重载操作符“<”。
附两个值作为key的情况之完整的实验代码如下:
#include <iostream> #include <map> #include <string> using namespace std; class key { public: float eyesight; float height; key(float x, floaty):eyesight(x), height(y) { } friend bool operator < (constkey&,const key&); }; bool operator < (constkey& key1,const key& key2) { // 按eyesight升序 + height升序排列 if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) return (key1.eyesight < key2.eyesight); else return (key1.height < key2.height); // 按eyesight降序 + height降序排列 //if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) // return(key1.eyesight > key2.eyesight); //else // return(key1.height > key2.height); // 按eyesight升序 + height降序排列 //if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) // return(key1.eyesight < key2.eyesight); //else // return(key1.height > key2.height); // 按eyesight降序 + height升序排列 //if(key1.eyesight != key2.eyesight) // return(key1.eyesight > key2.eyesight); //else // return(key1.height < key2.height); } class Student { private: int id; //学号 string name; // 姓名 float eyesight; //视力 float height; //身高 float chinese; //语文成绩 float english; //英文成绩 float math; //数学成绩 public: Student(int id, string name,floateyesight,float height,float chinese,float english,float math) { this->id = id; this->name = name; this->eyesight = eyesight; this->height = height; this->chinese = chinese; this->english = english; this->math = math; } int get_id() { return id; } string get_name() { return name; } float get_eyesight() { return eyesight; } float get_height() { return height; } float get_chinese() { return chinese; } float get_english() { return english; } float get_math() { return math; } }; int main(int argc,char**argv) { map<key,Student> stu_map; Studentstu4(4, "Dudley",1.1f, 170.2f, 90.5f, 89.5f, 93.0); Studentstu3(3, "Chris", 1.1f, 163.4f, 93.5f,90.0f, 83.5f); Studentstu2(2, "Bob", 1.5f, 166.6f, 86.0f,98.5f, 85.0f); Studentstu1(1, "Andrew", 1.5f, 173.2f, 98.5f,100.0f, 100.f); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu4.get_eyesight(),stu4.get_height()), stu4)); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu3.get_eyesight(),stu3.get_height()), stu3)); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu2.get_eyesight(),stu2.get_height()), stu2)); stu_map.insert(make_pair(key(stu1.get_eyesight(),stu1.get_height()), stu1)); map<key,Student>::iterator iter; for(iter = stu_map.begin(); iter != stu_map.end();++iter) { cout<< iter->first.eyesight << "\t"<< iter->first.height << "\t" << iter->second.get_id()<<"\t" <<iter->second.get_name() << endl; } return 0; }