1. HashSet概述：
HashSet实现Set接口，由哈希表（实际上是一个HashMap实例）支持。它不保证set 的迭代顺序；特别是它不保证该顺序恒久不变。此类允许使用null元素。
2. HashSet的实现：
对于HashSet而言，它是基于HashMap实现的，集成AbstractSet 实现Set接口，HashSet底层使用HashMap来保存所有元素，因此HashSet 的实现比较简单，相关HashSet的操作，基本上都是直接调用底层HashMap的相关方法来完成， HashSet的源代码如下：
// 底层使用HashMap来保存HashSet中所有元素。
private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
// 定义一个虚拟的Object对象作为HashMap的value，将此对象定义为static final。
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
/**
* 默认的无参构造器，构造一个空的HashSet。
*
* 实际底层会初始化一个空的HashMap，并使用默认初始容量为16和加载因子0.75。
*/
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<>();
}
/**
* Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
* collection. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
* (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
* the specified collection.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash table
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty linked hash set. (This package private
* constructor is only used by LinkedHashSet.) The backing
* HashMap instance is a LinkedHashMap with the specified initial
* capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map
* @param dummy ignored (distinguishes this
* constructor from other int, float constructor.)
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this set. The elements
* are returned in no particular order.
*
* @return an Iterator over the elements in this set
* @see ConcurrentModificationException
*/
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return map.keySet().iterator();
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
*
* @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality)
*/
public int size() {
return map.size();
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return map.isEmpty();
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this set
* contains an element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return map.containsKey(o);
}
/**
* 如果此set中尚未包含指定元素，则添加指定元素。
* 更确切地讲，如果此 set 没有包含满足(e==null ? e2==null : e.equals(e2))
* 的元素e2，则向此set 添加指定的元素e。
* 如果此set已包含该元素，则该调用不更改set并返回false。
*
* 底层实际将将该元素作为key放入HashMap。
* 由于HashMap的put()方法添加key-value对时，当新放入HashMap的Entry中key
* 与集合中原有Entry的key相同（hashCode()返回值相等，通过equals比较也返回true），
* 新添加的Entry的value会将覆盖原来Entry的value，但key不会有任何改变，
* 因此如果向HashSet中添加一个已经存在的元素时，新添加的集合元素将不会被放入HashMap中，
* 原来的元素也不会有任何改变，这也就满足了Set中元素不重复的特性。
* @param e 将添加到此set中的元素。
* @return 如果此set尚未包含指定元素，则返回true。
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
}
/**
* Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
* More formally, removes an element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>,
* if this set contains such an element. Returns <tt>true</tt> if
* this set contained the element (or equivalently, if this set
* changed as a result of the call). (This set will not contain the
* element once the call returns.)
*
* @param o object to be removed from this set, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the set contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
}
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this set.
* The set will be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
map.clear();
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance: the elements
* themselves are not cloned.
*
* @return a shallow copy of this set
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
HashSet<E> newSet = (HashSet<E>) super.clone();
newSet.map = (HashMap<E, Object>) map.clone();
return newSet;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError();
}
}
3. 相关说明：
1) 相关HashMap的实现原理，请参考我的上一遍总结：深入Java集合学习系列：HashMap的实现原理。
2) 对于HashSet中保存的对象，请注意正确重写其equals和hashCode方法，以保证放入的对象的唯一性。