一、创建Scrapy工程
1 scrapy startproject 工程名
二、进入工程目录,根据爬虫模板生成爬虫文件
1 scrapy genspider -l # 查看可用模板 2 scrapy genspider -t 模板名 爬虫文件名 允许的域名
三、定义爬取关注的数据(items.py文件)
四、编写爬虫文件
五、设置IP池或用户代理
(1)设置IP池
步骤1:在settings.py文件中添加代理服务器的IP信息,如:
1 # 设置IP池 2 IPPOOL = [ 3 {"ipaddr": "221.230.72.165:80"}, 4 {"ipaddr": "175.154.50.162:8118"}, 5 {"ipaddr": "111.155.116.212:8123"} 6 ]
步骤2:创建下载中间文件middlewares.py(与settings.py同一个目录),如:
#创建方法,cmd命令行,如项目为modetest,
E:\workspace\PyCharm\codeSpace\modetest\modetest>echo #middlewares.py
1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 2 # 导入随机模块 3 import random 4 # 导入settings文件中的IPPOOL 5 from .settings import IPPOOL 6 # 导入官方文档对应的HttpProxyMiddleware 7 from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware 8 9 class IPPOOlS(HttpProxyMiddleware): 10 # 初始化 11 def __init__(self, ip=''): 12 self.ip = ip 13 14 # 请求处理 15 def process_request(self, request, spider): 16 # 先随机选择一个IP 17 thisip = random.choice(IPPOOL) 18 print("当前使用IP是:"+ thisip["ipaddr"]) 19 request.meta["proxy"] = "http://"+thisip["ipaddr"]
步骤3:在settings.py中配置下载中间件
1 # 配置下载中间件的连接信息 2 DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 3 'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware':123, 4 'modetest.middlewares.IPPOOlS' : 125 5 }
(2)设置用户代理
步骤1:在settings.py文件中添加用户代理池的信息(配置几个浏览器'User-Agent'),如:
1 # 设置用户代理池 2 UPPOOL = [ 3 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/52.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.115 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.79 Safari/537.36 Edge/14.14393" 4 ]
步骤2:创建下载中间文件uamid.py(与settings.py同一个目录),如:
#创建方法,cmd命令行,如项目为modetest,
E:\workspace\PyCharm\codeSpace\modetest\modetest>echo #uamind.py
1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 2 # 导入随机模块 3 import random 4 # 导入settings文件中的UPPOOL 5 from .settings import UPPOOL 6 # 导入官方文档对应的HttpProxyMiddleware 7 from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware 8 9 class Uamid(UserAgentMiddleware): 10 # 初始化 注意一定要user_agent,不然容易报错 11 def __init__(self, user_agent=''): 12 self.user_agent = user_agent 13 14 # 请求处理 15 def process_request(self, request, spider): 16 # 先随机选择一个用户代理 17 thisua = random.choice(UPPOOL) 18 print("当前使用User-Agent是:"+thisua) 19 request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent',thisua)
步骤3:在settings.py中配置下载中间件
1 # 配置下载中间件的连接信息 2 DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 3 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 2, 4 'modetest.uamid.Uamid': 1 5 }
总而言之,有时候避免不了配置这类信息,所以直接在settings中都一起配置了如下,直接粘贴到settings.py文件的最后面
1 #======================================== 2 3 # 设置IP池和用户代理 4 5 # 禁止本地Cookie 6 COOKIES_ENABLED = False 7 8 # 设置IP池 9 IPPOOL = [ 10 {"ipaddr": "221.230.72.165:80"}, 11 {"ipaddr": "175.154.50.162:8118"}, 12 {"ipaddr": "111.155.116.212:8123"} 13 ] 14 15 # 设置用户代理池 16 UPPOOL = [ 17 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/52.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.115 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.79 Safari/537.36 Edge/14.14393" 18 ] 19 20 # 配置下载中间件的连接信息 21 DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 22 #'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware':123, 23 #'modetest.middlewares.IPPOOlS' : 125, 24 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 2, 25 'modetest.uamid.Uamid': 1 26 } 27 28 #============================================