如何用Python数据可视化来分析用户留存率

关于“漏斗图”

漏斗图常用于用户行为的转化率分析，例如通过漏斗图来分析用户购买流程中各个环节的转化率。当然在整个分析过程当中，我们会把流程优化前后的漏斗图放在一起，进行比较分析，得出相关的结论，今天小编就用“matplotlib”、“plotly”以及“pyecharts”这几个模块来为大家演示一下怎么画出好看的漏斗图首先我们先要导入需要用到的模块以及数据，

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 
import pandas as pd 
df = pd.DataFrame({"环节": ["环节一", "环节二", "环节三", "环节四", "环节五"],  
                 "人数": [1000, 600, 400, 250, 100],  
                 "总体转化率": [1.00, 0.60, 0.40, 0.25, 0.1]}) 

需要用到的数据如下图所示：

用matplotlib来制作漏斗图，制作出来的效果可能会稍显简单与粗糙，制作的原理也比较简单，先绘制出水平方向的直方图，然后利用plot.barh()当中的“left”参数将直方图向左移，便能出来类似于漏斗图的模样

y = [5,4,3,2,1] 
x = [85,75,58,43,23] 
x_max = 100 
x_min = 0 
for idx, val in enumerate(x): 
  plt.barh(y[idx], x[idx], left = idx+5) 
plt.xlim(x_min, x_max) 

而要绘制出我们想要的想要的漏斗图的模样，代码示例如下

from matplotlib import font_manager as fm 
# funnel chart 
y = [5,4,3,2,1] 
labels = df["环节"].tolist() 
x = df["人数"].tolist() 
x_range = 100 
font = fm.FontProperties(fname="KAITI.ttf") 
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, figsize=(12,6)) 
for idx, val in enumerate(x): 
  left = (x_range - val)/2 
  plt.barh(y[idx], x[idx], left = left, color='#808B96', height=.8, edgecolor='black') 
  # label 
  plt.text(50, y[idx]+0.1, labels[idx], ha='center', 
           fontproperties=font, fontsize=16, color='#2A2A2A') 
  # value 
  plt.text(50, y[idx]-0.3, x[idx], ha='center', 
           fontproperties=font, fontsize=16, color='#2A2A2A') 
   
  if idx != len(x)-1: 
      next_left = (x_range - x[idx+1])/2 
      shadow_x = [left, next_left,  
                  100-next_left, 100-left, left] 
      shadow_y = [y[idx]-0.4, y[idx+1]+0.4,  
                  y[idx+1]+0.4, y[idx]-0.4, y[idx]-0.4] 
      plt.plot(shadow_x, shadow_y) 
plt.xlim(x_min, x_max) 
plt.axis('off') 
plt.title('每个环节的流失率', fontproperties=font, loc='center', fontsize=24, color='#2A2A2A') 
plt.show() 

绘制出来的漏斗图如下图所示

当然我们用plotly来绘制的话则会更加的简单一些，代码示例如下

import plotly.express as px 
data = dict(values=[80,73,58,42,23], 
          labels=['环节一', '环节二', '环节三', '环节四', '环节五']) 
fig = px.funnel(data, y='labels', x='values') 
fig.show() 

最后我们用pyecharts模块来绘制一下，当中有专门用来绘制“漏斗图”的方法，我们只需要调用即可

from pyecharts.charts import Funnel 
from pyecharts import options as opts 
from pyecharts.globals import ThemeType 

c = ( 
  Funnel(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(width="900px", height="600px",theme = ThemeType.INFOGRAPHIC )) 
  .add( 
      "环节", 
      df[["环节","总体转化率"]].values, 
      sort_="descending", 
      label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(position="inside"), 
  ) 
  .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Pyecharts漏斗图", pos_bottom = "90%", pos_left = "center")) 
) 
c.render_notebook() 

我们将数据标注上去之后

c = ( 
  Funnel(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(width="900px", height="600px",theme = ThemeType.INFOGRAPHIC )) 
  .add( 
      "商品", 
      df[["环节","总体转化率"]].values, 
      sort_="descending", 
      label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(position="inside"), 
  ) 
  .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Pyecharts漏斗图", pos_bottom = "90%", pos_left = "center")) 
  .set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(formatter="{b}:{c}")) 
) 
c.render_notebook() 

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